BIBLIOGRAPHY
For the history of the concept of time, Walter Gent, Die
Philosophie des Raumes und der Zeit, 2nd ed. (Hildesheim,
1962) is a very useful sourcebook. For the concept of time
in medieval cosmology see the relevant chapters in Pierre
Duhem, Le système du monde, Vols. I-X (Paris, 1913-59).
Z. Zawirski's L'évolution de la notion du temps (Krakow,
1934) includes the modifications of the concept of time in
recent physics. A very extensive bibliography of recent
English articles on time is in J. J. C. Smart, Problems of
Space and Time (New York, 1964) while The Voices of Time,
ed. J. T. Fraser (New York, 1965) is a cooperative volume
dealing with the historical, psychological, biological, and
physical aspects of time.
Modern restatement of the Eleatic denial of time are
F. H. Bradley, Appearance and Reality (London, 1893), Chs.
4, 18 and J. M. E. McTaggart, “The Unreality of Time,”
in Mind, N.S., 17 (1908), while Josiah Royce, in Lecture
3, The World and the Individual, Vol. II (New York, 1901),
tries to synthesize the temporalistic and eternalistic view.
Reaffirmation of the reality of temporal succession are:
Henri Bergson, Oeuvres complètes (Geneva, 1945); William
James, A Pluralistic Universe (New York, 1910); idem, Some
Problems of Philosophy (New York, 1911); Samuel Alexander,
Space, Time and Deity (London, 1920); A. N. Whitehead,
Process and Reality (Cambridge, 1929); Charles Hartshorne,
“Contingency and the New Era in Metaphysics,” Journal
of Philosophy, 29 (1932); Mary F. Cleugh, Time and Its
Importance in Western Thought (London, 1937); Paul Weiss,
Reality (Princeton, 1938); A. O. Lovejoy, Reason, the Un-
derstanding and Time (Baltimore, 1964); Philip P. Wiener,
“The Central Role of Time in Lovejoy's Philosophy,” Phi-
losophy and Phenomenological Research, 23 (1963).
On the physical status of time: H. Poincaré, “La mesure
du temps,” Dernières pensées (Paris, 1913); Einstein-
Lorentz-Minkowski-Weyl, The Principle of Relativity, trans.
W. Perret and G. B. Jeffrey (London, 1952); A. S. Eddington,
The Nature of the Physical World (Cambridge, 1928), Chs.
III-V; É. Meyerson, Identité et réalité, 5th ed. (Paris, 1951);
idem, La déduction relativiste (Paris, 1925), Ch. 7; A. A. Robb,
The Absolute Relations of Time and Space (Cambridge,
1921); H. Mehlberg, “Essai sur la théorie causale du temps,”
Studia philosophica (Leopolis [Lvov], 1935); H. Reichen-
bach, The Philosophy of Space and Time (New York, 1958);
idem, The Direction of Time (Los Angeles, 1956); A. Grün-
baum, Philosophical Problems of Space and Time (New York,
1964); M. Čapek, The Philosophical Impact of Contemporary
Physics (Princeton, 1961); G. J. Whitrow, The Natural Phi-
losophy of Time (London and Edinburgh, 1961); A. N. Prior,
Papers on Time and Sense (London, 1968); idem, Past, Pres-
ent and Future (London, 1967); idem, Time and Modality
(London and New York, 1957).
On the perception of time, see William James, Principles
of Psychology, Vol. I (New York, 1890), esp. Chs. 9, 15;
Bertrand Russell, “On the Experience of Time,” Monist, 25
(1915); Edmund Husserl, Die Phänomenologie des innern
Zeitbewusstsein, ed. R. Boehm (The Hague, 1966); Paul
Fraisse, Psychologie du temps (Paris, 1957) contains a very
complete bibliography.
MILIČ ČAPEK
[See also Atomism; Cosmic Images;
Cycles; Determinism;
Evolutionism; God;
Pragmatism; Pre-Platonic Concep-
tions; Pythagorean...;
2">Relativity; Skepticism;
Space;
Uniformitarianism.]
