THE BEHAVIOUR OF MEASURING-RODS AND CLOCKS IN MOTION Relativity: The Special and General Theory | ||
12. THE BEHAVIOUR OF MEASURING-RODS AND CLOCKS IN MOTION
I PLACE a metre-rod in the x'-axis of K' in such a manner that one end
(the beginning) coincides with the point x'=0 whilst the other end
(the end of th rod) coincides with the point x'=I. What is the length
of the metre-rod relatively to the system K? In order to learn this,
we need only ask where the beginning of the rod and the end of the rod
lie with respect to K at a particular time t of the system K. By means
of the first equation of the Lorentz transformation the values of
these two points at the time t = 0 can be shown to be
[Description: Equation]
[Description: Equation]
the distance between the points being [Description: Equation]. But the metre-rod is moving
with the velocity v relative to K. It
therefore follows that the length of a rigid metre-rod moving in the
direction of its length with a velocity v is [Description: Equation] of a metre.
The rigid rod is thus shorter when in motion than
Of course this feature of the velocity c as a limiting velocity also clearly follows from the equations of the Lorentz transformation, for these became meaningless if we choose values of v greater than c.
If, on the contrary, we had considered a metre-rod at rest in the x-axis with respect to K, then we should have found that the length of the rod as judged from K' would have been [Description: Equation] this is quite in accordance with the principle of relativity which forms the basis of our considerations.
A Priori it is quite clear that we must be able to learn something about the physical behaviour of measuring-rods and clocks from the equations of transformation, for the magnitudes x, y, z, t, are nothing more nor less than the results of measurements obtainable by means of measuring-rods and clocks. If we had based our considerations on the Galileian transformation we should not have obtained a contraction of the rod as a consequence of its motion.
Let us now consider a seconds-clock which is permanently situated at
the origin (x'=0) of K'. t'=0 and t'=I are two successive ticks of
this clock. The first and fourth equations of the Lorentz
transformation give for these two ticks :
t = 0
and
[Description: Equation]
As judged from K, the clock is moving with the velocity v; as judged from this reference-body, the time which elapses between two strokes of the clock is not one second, but [Description: Equation] seconds, i.e. a somewhat larger time. As a consequence of its motion the clock goes more slowly than when at rest. Here also the velocity c plays the part of an unattainable limiting velocity.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF MEASURING-RODS AND CLOCKS IN MOTION Relativity: The Special and General Theory | ||