 | The frontier in American history |  |
361
INDEX
- Absentee proprietors, 55, 297
- Achievement, 309
- Adams, Henry, 213
- Adams, J. Q., 26, 192, 230
- Agriculture, 314, 329; Middle
West, 149, 150 - Agriculture, Department of, 320
- Alamance, 119, 120
- Alaska, 296
- Albany, 43, 52
- Albany congress of 1754, 15
- Algonquin Indians, 130
- Aliens, land tenure by, 110
- Alleghany Mountains, 9, 18, 67;
as barrier to be overcome, 195 - Allen, Ethan, 54
- Allen, W. V., 220
- American Historical Assoc., 159
- American history, social forces,
311; survey of recent, 311 - American life, distinguishing feature,
2 - American people, 339
- American spirit, 306, 336, 337
- "American System," 171, 172
- Americanization, effective, 4
- Arid lands, 9, 147, 219, 239, 245,
278 - Aristocracy, 250, 254, 257, 275
- Army posts, frontier, 16; prototypes,
47 - Asia, 296
- Association, voluntary, 343, 344,
358 - Astor's American Fur Co., 6, 143
- Atlantic coast, as early frontier, 4;
Mississippi Valley and, 190, 191;
Northern, History, 295 - Atlantic frontier, composition, 12
- Atlantic states, 207, 208
- Augusta, Ga., 98
- Autocracy, 344
- Back country, 68, 70; democracy
of, 248; New England, 75 - Backwoods society, 212
- Backwoodsmen, 163, 164
- Bacon, Francis, 286
- Bacon's Rebellion, 84, 247, 251, 301
- Baltimore, trade, 108
- Bancroft, George, 168
- Bank, 171, 254, 325
- Bedford, Pa., 5
- Beecher, Lyman, 35
- Bell, John, 192
- Benton, T. H., 26, 35, 192, 325, 328
- Berkshires, 60, 71, 77
- Beverley, Robert, 85, 91; manor,
92 - "Birch seal," 78
- Black Hills, 145
- Blackmar, F. W., 238
- Blank patents, 95
- Blood-feud, 253
- Blount, William, 187
- Blue Ridge, 90, 99
- Boone, A. J., 19
- Booae, Daniel, 18, 105, 124, 165,
206 - Boston, trade, 108
- Boutmy, E. G., 211
- Braddock, Edward, 181, 324
- Brattle, Thomas, 56
- British and Middle West, 350
- Brown, B. Gratz, 355
- Brunswick County, Va., 91
- Bryan, W. J., 204, 236, 237, 246,
281, 327, 329 - Bryce, James, 165, 206, 211, 284
- Buffalo, N. Y., 136, 150, 151
- Buffalo herds, 144
- Buffer state, 131, 134
- Burke, Edmund, 33; on the Germans,
109 - Byrd, Col. William, 84, 87, 98
- Calhoun, J. C., 2, 105, 141, 174,
206, 241; on representation, 117;
policy of obtaining western trade
for the South, 196 - California, 8; gold, 144
- Canada, 53, 226; barrier between,
and the United States, 131; border
warfare, 44; homesteads,
296; Middle West and, 128;
wheat fields, 278 - Canadians, 227
- Canals, deep water, 150
- Capital, 276, 305, 325; concentration
and combinations, 245, 261,
266, 280, 305–306 - "Capitalistic classes," 285
- Capitalists, 20; "expectant," 343
- Capitals, state, transfers, 121
- Captains of industry, 258, 259, 260
- Carnegie, Andrew, 260, 265
- Caroline cow-pens, 16
- Catron, John, 345
- Cattle raising in Virginia, 88, 89, 92
- Census, first, frontier at, 5
- Census of 1820, frontier, 6
- Census of 1890, extinction of frontier,
1, 9, 38, 39, 297 - Center of nation, 222
- Channing, W. E., 355
- Charleston, S. C., 88, 108, 196
- Chase. S. P., 104, 142
- Cherry Valley, 104
- Chicago, 137, 150, 151, 180, 350;
character, 232 - Chillicothe, 133, 223
- Cincinnati, 133, 151, 162, 223, 231,
232 - Cincinnati and Charleston R. R.,
174 - Cities, 297, 316–317; northeastern,
294–295; seaboard, 194, 195,
196; three periods of development,
195 - Civil War, 356; Middle West and,
142; Mississippi Valley and, 201;
Northwest and, 217 - Clark, G. R., 131, 167, 186
- Clark, J. B., 332
- Class distinctions, 280, 285
- Clay, Henry, 26, 168, 171, 172, 173,
174, 192, 197, 206, 213, 216, 226,
241, 304, 325 - Cleaveland, Gen. Moses, 133, 222,
257 - Cleveland, 133, 150, 223, 231, 232
- Clinton, De Witt, 195, 196
- Coal supply, 313
- Coast, Atlantic, 206; destiny, 295;
interior and, antagonisms, 110 - Coeducation, 353
- Colden, Cadwallader, 80
- Colonial life, 11
- Colonial system, 127
- Colonization, 312; English and
French contrasted, 13–14; peaceful,
169 - Colony of free humanity, 337–338
- Columbus, Ohio, 162, 229
- Combinations of capital and of labor,
245 - Commencement seasons, 290
- Commons, J. R., 327
- Community, "beloved community,"
358; life, 347; type of settlement,
73, 74, 125 - Competition, 154, 203, 277, 308, 312
- Compromise, 174, 198, 230, 236;
slavery, 140, 142 - Concentration of power and wealth,
245, 261, 266, 280 - Concord, Mass., 39
- Concurrent majority, 118
- Congregational church, 74, 112
- Congress and frontiersmen, 252–
253 - Connecticut, frontier towns, 42, 45,
53; land policy, 76 - Connecticut River, 52, 53, 72
- Connecticut Valley, 63, 73
- Conquest, 269
- Conscience, American, 328
- Constitution, U. S., 209, 244
- Constitutional convention of 1787,
249 - Constitutions, state, 121, 252, 352;
reconstruction, 192 - Coöperation, voluntary, 165, 257,
258 - Corn, areas, 149; belt, 151
- Corporations, 265, 328
- Cotton culture, 28, 139, 255; early
extension, 7; transfer from the
East to Mississippi Valley, 194 - "Cotton Kingdom," 174, 189, 194,
198 - Coureurs de bois, 182
- Cow pens, 16, 88
- Crockett, Davy, 105
- Crops, migration, 149
- Currency, 148; evil, 32; expansion,
210 - Cutler, Manasseh, 141
- Dairy interests in Wisconsin, 234,
236 - Dakotas, settlement, 145, 146
- Darien, Ga., 98
- Davis, Jefferson, 105, 139, 174
- De Bow, J. D. B., 197
- De Bow's Review, 217
- Debs, E. V., 281
- Dedham, 40, 58
- Deerfield, 48, 52, 58, 70
- Democracy, 32, 54, 306; doubts of,
280; established in Old West,
107; free land and, 274; frontier,
early, 106; frontier and, 30, 31,
247, 249; Gookin on, 307; in
early 18th century, 98; Jacksonian,
192, 302, 342–343; Jeffersonian,
250, 251; magnitude of
achievement in the West, 258;
Middle West, 154; Mississippi
Valley, 183; neighborhood, 346;
new type in West, 210, 216; Ohio
Valley, influence, 172; Ohio Valley
and, 175; organized, 357;
origin, 293; outcome of American
experiences, 266; pressure
on the universities, 283; significance
of Mississippi Valley in
promoting, 190; Upland South,
165; Western contributions, 243;
Western ideals, 261; see also Pioneer
democracy - Democratic party, 327, 329; basis,
248; Middle Western wing, 352 - Democratic-Republican party, 250
- Denver, Colo., 19
- De Tocqueville. See Tocqueville
- Detroit, 135, 150
- Development, American, 205, 221;
four changes, 244; personal, 271;
significant decade, 246–247;
study of, 10; true point of view,
3; Western, 218 - D'Iberville. See Iberville
- Discovery, 270, 293, 301, 306
- Doddridge, Joseph, 115
- Dogs for hunting Indians, 45
- Douglas, S. A., 140; Lincoln debates,
230 - Douglass, William, 109
- Down east, 79
- Dracut, 111
- Dreams, 301, 339
- Duel, 253
- Duluth, 150, 151, 234
- Dunkards, 263
- Dunstable, 48, 56
- Duquesne, Abraham, 14
- Dwight, Timothy (1752–1817), 63;
fears of pioneer class, 251 - East, efforts to restrict advance of
frontier, 33, 34; fears of the
West, 208; out of touch with
West, 18 - Economic forces and political institutions,
243 - Economic historian, 332
- Economic legislation and Ohio Valley,
170 - Education, 282; Middle West, 156
- Edwards, Jonathan, 63
- Egleston, Melville, 55
- Eliot, C, W., on corporation, 265;
on democracy and slavery, 256 - Emerson, R. W., 353; on Lincoln,
256 - England, decrease of dependence
on, 23; Mississippi Valley and,
180, 186; Old Northwest and,
131, 134 - English pioneers, 270
- English settlers in Michigan and
Wisconsin, 226 - English stock and English speech,
23 - Equality, 274; New England, 61,
62, 63; Western settlers, 212 - Erie Canal, 7, 136, 195, 197
- Europe, American democracy and,
282; how America reacted on,
3; Southeastern, 294, 295, 316 - Europeans, 267
- Evolution, American, as key to history,
11 - Expansion, 206, 219, 304, 345; Ohio
Valley and, 166; world politics,
246 - Experts, 284, 285, 286
- "Fall line," 4, 9, 68; efforts to
establish military frontier on, 84 - Fairfax, Lord, 92, 123
- Far East, 315
- Far West, 315, 341
- Farm lands, 297
- Farm machinery, 276
- Farmers, 238, 239
- Farmer's frontier, 12, 16, 18
- Federal colonial system, 168, 169
- Federal Reserve districts, 322
- Fertility, 129
- Field, Marshall, 265
- Finance, 318, 325; pioneer ideas,
148 - Fire-arms and Indians, 13
- Firmin, Giles, 56
- Food supply, 279, 294, 314
- Foreign parentage, Indiana and
Illinois, 232; Michigan, 233;
Western States, 237; Wisconsin,
233–234 - Foreign policy, 168, 219
- Foreign Service, 320
- Forest philosophy, 207
- "Foresters," 63
- Forests, 270, 293; Middle West,
130 - Fortified houses, 71
- Fourierists, 263
- France, efforts to revive empire in
America, 167; Middle West and,
131; Mississippi Valley and, 180,
186; western exploration, 163; - Franchise, 249–250, 252
- Franklin, Benjamin, Mississippi
Valley and, 182; on the Germans,
109 - Free Soil party, 141, 173, 217
- French explorers, 163
- French frontier, 125
- French Huguenots, 105
- French settlers in Michigan and
Wisconsin, 226 - Frontier, conservative attitude toward
advance, 63; definition, 3,
41; demand for independent
statehood, 248; efforts to check
and restrict it, 33; evil effects,
32; extinction, 1, 9, 38, 39, 321;
farmers, 239, 240; first official,
39, 54; French, 125; importance
as a military training school, 15;
influence toward democracy, 247,
249; kinds and modes of advance,
12; Massachusetts, 65;
military, of Old West, 106–107;
religious aspects, 36; Spanish,
125; towns in Massachusetts, 42,
45, 53, 70; various comparisons,
10 - Frontiersmen, 206, 209, 212; in
Congress, 252–253; Mississippi
Valley, 182; Virginia idea, 86 - Fulton, Robert, 171
- Fur trade, 13; England after Revolution,
131; Hudson River, 80;
Southern, Old West, 87 - Gallatin, Albert, 191, 252, 317
- Galveston, 202
- Garfield, J. A., 241
- Geographic factors, 329
- Geographic provinces, 158
- Georgia, 174, 196; restriction of
land tenure, 97; settlement, 97 - Germanic germs, 3, 4
- Germans, 263; in New York in
early times, 5; Middle West and,
137–138, 146; Palatine, 5, 32, 82,
100, 109, 124; political exiles,
349; sectaries, 164; Wisconsin,
23, 227, 236; zone of settlement
in Great Valley, 102 - Glarus, 236
- Godkin, E. L., 307
- Glenn, James, 23, 108
- Goochland County, Va., 93
- Government, 321; paternal, 328;
popular, 357 - Government discipline, 356
- Government expeditions, 17
- Government intervention, 344
- Government ownership, 148
- Government powers, 307
- Government regulation, 281
- Granger movement, 148, 203, 218,
276, 281 - Grant, U. S., 142
- Granville, Lord, 95, 123
- Great Lakes, 128, 149, 150, 173, 297
- Great Plains, 8, 128, 147; Indian
trade and war, 144 - Great Valley, 100; colonization,
100–101 - Greater South, 174
- Greeley, Horace, 104
- Green Mountain Boys, 78
- Greenback movement, 148, 203,
218, 276 - Greenway manor, 92
- Groseilliers, 180
- Groton, 48, 57
- Grund, F. J., 7
- Grundy, Felix, 192
- Gulf coast, 295
- Gulf States, 141; occupation, 139
- Hammond, J. H., on slavery problem
in the Mississippi Valley, 198 - Hanna, Marcus, 265
- Harriman, E. H., 280, 318
- Harrison, W. H., 168, 173, 189, 192,
213, 255 - Hart, A. B., 177
- Hartford, 76
- Haverhill, 51, 62
- Hayes, R. B., 241
- Henry, Patrick, 95
- Heroes, 254, 256; Western, 213
- High thinking, 287
- Higher law, 239
- Hill, J. J., 260
- Historian, 333
- Historic ideals, 306, 335
- Historical societies, 159–160, 339
- History, character, 331–332; new
viewpoints, 330 - Holland, J. G., 73
- Holst, H. E. von, 24
- Home markets, 108, 216
- Home missions, 36, 354
- Homestead law of 1862, 145, 276
- Hoosier State, 224
- Housatonic River, 71
- Housatonic Valley, 72
- Houston, Sam, 105
- Howells, W. D., 353
- Hudson River, 53, 79; frontier, 43;
fur trade, 80 - Humanitarian movement, 327
- Huxley, T. H., on modern civilization,
300 - Iberville, P. le M. d', 180
- Icarians, 263
- Idealists, America the goal, 261;
social, 349 - Ideals, 239; American, and the
West, 290; American, loyalty to,
307; American historic, 306, 335;
immigrants, 264; Middle West,
153; Mississippi Valley, 203;
pioneer, and the State university,
269; readjustment, 321, 328;
Western, 209, 214, 267; Western
democracy and, 261 - Illinois, composite nationality, 232;
elements of settlement, 225; settlement,
135 - Illiteracy in Middle West, 353
- Immigrants, 277; idealism, 264
- Immigration, 146, 215, 316
- Indian guides, 17
- Indian policy, 10
- Indian question, early, 9
- Indian reservations, 278
- Indian trade, 6, 13, 14; Middle
West, 143, 144 - Indian wars, 9; New England and,
69; Ohio Valley and, 167 - Indiana, character, 232; constitution,
282; elements in settlement,
223–224; settlement, 134 - Indianapolis, 162, 229
- Indians, buffer state for England,
131, 134; congresses to treat
with, 15; effects of trades on, 13;
hunting Indians with dogs, 95;
influence on Puritans and New
England, 44; Middle West and,
133, 134; society, 13 - Individualism, 30, 32, 37, 78, 125,
140, 203, 254, 259, 271, 273, 302,
306; in the Old West, 107; reaction
against, 307; Upland South,
165 - Industrial conditions, 280, 281,
285; Middle West, 149, 154;
Mississippi Valley, 194, 201;
Ohio Valley and, 175 - Industry, captains of, and large
undertakings, 258, 259, 260; control,
318 - Inland waterways, 202
- Insurgent movement, 327
- Intellectual life and the frontier,
37 - Intercolonial congresses, 15
- Interior and coast, antagonisms,
110 - Internal commerce, 171, 188
- Internal improvements, 27, 28, 29,
111, 170, 172, 216, 257; after
3671812 to break down barrier to
West, 195; Old West, 109 - Internal trade, Old West, 108, 109
- Iowa, 141, 143; elements and
growth, 229; settlement, 137 - Ipswich, 56
- Irish, 350
- Iron mines in Middle West, 152
- Iron ore, 313
- Iroquois Indians, 13, 80
- Irrigation, 258, 279
- Isms, 239
- Izard, Ralph, 274
- Jackson, Andrew, 105, 168, 173,
189, 206, 213, 216, 241, 252, 253,
268, 326; personification of frontier
traits, 252, 254 - Jackson, Stonewall, 105
- Jacksonian democracy, 192, 302,
342–343 - James River, 84, 90; settlement, 93
- Jefferson, Thomas, 93, 105, 114,
268; conception of democracy,
250, 251; on England and the
Mississippi, 186; on the pioneer
in Congress, 253; on the importance
of the Mississippi Valley,
188 - "Jim River" Valley, 145
- Johnson, R. M., 192
- Johnson, Sir William, 81, 104
- Justice, direct forms in the West,
212 - Kansas, 142, 144, 146, 151; Populists,
238; settlers, 237 - Kansas City, 151
- Kentucky, 19, 122, 162, 167, 168,
169, 192, 225, 253; slavery, 174 - King Philip's War 40, 46, 69
- Kipling, Rudyard, "Toreloper,"
270; "Son of the English," 262 - Labor, combinations, 245; composition
of laboring class, 316 - Labor theorists, 303, 326
- Lamar, L. Q. C. (1825–1893), 25
- Lancaster, Mass., 48, 57, 61
- Land, 328–329; abundance, 274;
abundance, as basis of democracy,
191, 192; alien tenure, 110;
free, exhausted, 244–245; free
Western, 211, 259; fundamental
fact in Western society, 211;
"mongering," 61; see, also Public
lands - Land companies, 123, 347
- Land grants, 9; for schools and
colleges, 74; to railroads, 276 - Land Ordinance of 1785, 132
- Land policies, 10
- Land system, "equality" principle
in New England, 61, 62, 63;
Georgia, 97; later federal, 123;
New England, 54; New England
conflicts, 75; New York State,
80; North Carolina, 95; Old
West, 122; Pennsylvania, 101;
Virginia, 91; Virginia grants to
societies, 85 - La Salle, 180
- Laurentide glacier, 129
- Law and order, 298, 344
- Leadership, 213, 291, 292, 307;
educated, 286 - Lease, Mary Ellen, 240
- Legislation, 277, 307; frontier and,
24; Leicester, 59; Leigh, B. W.,
115 - Lewis and Clark, 13, 17
- Liberty, Bacon on, 286; for universities,
287; individual, 213;
Western, 212 - Life as a whole, 287
- Lincoln, Abraham, 105, 135, 142,
174, 206, 213, 217, 225, 241 268,
304 356; Douglas debates 230;
368embodiment of pioneer period,
255–256; Ohio Valley, influence
of, 175 - Lincoln, C. H, 113
- Litchfield, 71, 76, 124
- Livingston manor, 81, 82
- Locofocos, 303, 326, 348
- Log cabin, 338
- "Log cabin campaign," 173
- London Company, 301
- Loria, Achille, 11
- Louisiana, 180, 208
- Louisiana Purchase, 25, 34, 140,
167, 213, 251; effect on Mississippi
Valley, 189–190 - Louisville, 162
- LoWell, J. R., on Lincoln, 255
- Loyal Land Co., 123, 182
- Lumber industry, 152; Wisconsin,
234–235 - Lumbermen, 272, 273
- Lynch law, 212, 272; New England,
78 - McKinley, William, 236, 237, 241
- Magnitude, 258, 260, 276
- Maine, 52–53
- Maine coast, 79
- Mallet brothers, 180
- Manila, battle of, 247
- Manorial practice in New York, 83
- Marietta, 124, 132, 223, 257
- "Mark colonies," 70
- Marquette, Jacques, 180
- Martineau, Harriet, 214, 303, 339
- Massachusetts, attempt to locate
frontier line, 39; frontier, 65;
frontier towns, 42, 45, 53, 70;
locating towns before settlement,
76 - Mather, Cotton, attitude as to advancing
frontier, 63 - Mesabi mines, 152, 234
- Mendon, 57
- Methodists, 238
- Mexico, 295
- Michigan, 135–136, 137; development
and resources, 232; settlement,
226, 228 - Middle region, 27; in formation of
the Old West, 79; typical American,
28 - Middle West, agriculture, 150;
Canada and, 128; Civil War and,
142; early society, 153–154; education,
282; elements of settlement
—Northern and Southern,
346, 351; Europe and, 282; flow
of population into, 132–133; forests,
130; Germans and, 137–
138; Germans and Scandinavians,
146; idealism, 153; immigrants
of varied nationalities,
349; importance, 126, 128; increase
of settlement in the fifties,
142–143; industrial organism,
149; meaning of term, 126; nationalism,
142; natural resources,
129; New England element, 137;
peculiarity and influence, 347;
pioneer democracy, 335; settlement,
135, 342; slavery question
and, 139; southern zone, 138 - Migration, 21, 237, 337; communal
vs. individual, 125; crops, 149;
interstate, 224; labor, 62; New
England, and land policy, 77 - Militant expansive movement, 105
- Military frontier, 41, 47; early
form, 47; Old West, significance,
106–107; Virginia in later 17th
century, 83, 84 - Milwaukee, 137, 227, 236, 350
- Miner's frontier, 12
- Mining camps, 9
- Mining laws, 10
- Minneapolis, 137, 151, 234
- Minnesota, 143, 144, 237; economic
369development, 234; Historical Society,
335, 338–339 - Missions to the Indians, 79
- Mississippi Company, 123, 182
- Mississippi River, 7, 9, 142, 185,
194, 345 - Mississippi Valley, 10, 139, 166–
167, 324; beginning of stratification,
197; Civil War and, 201;
democracy and, 190; early population,
183; economic progress
after 1812, 194; England's efforts
to control, 180–181; extent, 179;
French explorers in, 180; frontiersmen's
allegiance, 186–187;
idealism, social order, 203–204;
industrial growth after the Civil
War, 201–202; political power
and growth from 1810 to 1840,
193; primitive history, 179; question
of severance from the Union,
187; significance in American
history, 177, 185; slavery struggle
and, 201; social forces, early,
183 - Missouri, 192
- Missouri Compromise, 140, 174, 226
- Missouri Valley, 135
- Mohawk Valley, 68, 82
- Monroe, James, 150
- Monroe Doctrine, 296; germ, 168
- Monticello, 93
- Moravians, 95, 102
- Morgan, J. P., 318
- Mormons, 263
- Morris, Gouverneur, 207
- Nashaway, 57
- National problem, 293
- Nationalism, 29; evils of, 157; Middle
West and, 142 - Nationalities, mixture, 27; replacement
in Wisconsin, 235 - Naturalization, 110
- Nebraska, 144, 145, 220; settlers
237 - Negro, 295
- New England, 27, 301; back lands,
75; coast vs. interior, 111; colonies
from, 124; culmination of
frontier movement, 78; early official
frontier line, 43; economic
life, 78; effect on the West, 36;
foreign element, 294; frontier
protection, 46–47; frontier types,
43–44; Greater New England, 66,
70; ideas, and Middle West, 348;
Indian wars, 69; land system, 54;
Middle West and, 347; Ohio settlement
and, 223; Old West and,
68; Old West and interior New
England, 70; pioneer type, 239;
streams of settlement from, 215;
two New Englands of the formative
period of the Old West, 78–
79 - New Englanders in the Middle
West, 137; in Wisconsin and the
lake region, 228; three movements
of advance from the coast,
136; Westernized, 215, 216 - New Glarus, 236
- New Hampshire, 69, 72, 77, 111
- New Hampshire grants, 77
- New Northwest, 222
- New Orleans, 136, 137, 167, 187,
188, 189, 217, 295 - New South, 218; Old West and, 100
- New West, 257
- New York City, 136, 195, 318
- New York State, early frontier 43;
lack of expansive power, 80;
land system, 80; settlement from
New England, 83; western, 230 - Newspapers of the Middle West,
353 - Nitrates, 279
- Norfolk, 195
- North Carolina, 87, 106; coast vs.
upland, 116; in Indiana Settlement,
224; public lands, 95; settlement,
94, 95; slavery, 122; taxation,
118, 119 - North Central States, 126; region
as a whole, 341 - North Dakota, development, 237
- Northampton, 63
- Northfield, 53
- Northwest, democracy, 356; Old
and New, 222; see also Old
Northwest - Northwest Territory, 222
- Northwestern boundary, 324
- Norton, C. E., 208–209
- Norwegians, 232
- Nullification, 117, 254
- Ohio, diversity of interests, 231–
232; elements of settlement, 223;
history, 133–134; New England
element, 223; Southern contribution
to settlement, 223 - Ohio Company, 123, 133, 141, 182,
223 - Ohio River, 5, 161
- Ohio Valley, 104; as a highway,
162; economic legislation and,
170; effects on national expansion,
166; in American history,
157; influence on Lincoln, 175;
part in making of the nation,
160; physiography, 160–161; relation
to the South, 174; religious
spirit, 164, 165; stock and
settlement, 164 - Oil wells, 297
- Oklahoma, 278, 297
- Old National road, 136
- Old Northwest, 131, 132, 136, 221;
as a whole, 241–242; defined,
218; elements of settlement,
222; political position, 236; social
origin, 222–223; Southern
element in settlement, 223, 225–
226; turning point of control,
229 - "Old South," 166
- Old West, colonization of areas beyond
the mountains, 124; consequences
of formation, 106; New
South and, 100; summary of
frontier movement in 17th and
early 18th centuries, 98; term
defined, 68 - Old World, 261, 267, 294, 299, 344,
349; effect of American frontier,
22; West and, 206, 210 - Opportunity, 37, 212, 239, 259–260,
261, 263, 271–272, 342, 343 - Orangeburg, 96
- Ordinance of 1787, 25, 132, 168,
190, 223 - Oregon country, 144
- Orient, 297
- Osgood, H. L., 30
- Pacific coast, 168, 219, 304
- Pacific Northwest, 296
- Pacific Ocean, 297, 315
- Packing industries, 151
- Palatine Germans, 5, 22, 100, 109,
124; New York State and, 82 - Palisades, 71
- Panama Canal, 295
- Panics, 279–280
- Paper money, 32, 111, 121, 122,
209 - Parkman, Francis, 70, 72, 144, 163
- "Particular plantations," 41
- Past, lessons of, 355
- Patroon estates, 80
- Paxton Boys, 112
- Pecks "New Guide to the West,"
19 - Penn, William, 262
- Pennsylvania, 23, 27; coast and
371interior, antagonisms, 112; German
settlement, 82, 100; Great
Valley of, 68, 164; land grants,
101; new Pennsylvania of the
Great Valley, 100; Scotch-Irish,
103, 104; settlement of Old West
part, 83 - Pennsylvania Dutch, 22, 100, 110
- Perrot, Nicolas, 180
- Philadelphia, 106; trade, 108
- Physiographic provinces, 127
- Piedmont, 68; Virginia, 87, 89
- Pig iron, 152, 313
- Pine, 151
- Pine belt in Middle West, 143
- Pioneer democracy, lessons learned,
357; Middle West, 335 - Pioneer farmers, 21, 206, 257
- Pioneers, conservative fears about,
251, 252; contest with capitalist,
325; contrast of conditions, 279;
deeper significance, 338; essence,
271; ideals and the State university,
269; Middle West, 146,
154; Ohio Valley, 167; old
ideals, 148; sketch, 19 - Pittsburgh, 104, 127, 136, 154–155,
161, 265, 299, 314, 324 - Plain people, 256, 267
- Political institutions, 243; frontier
and, 24 - Political parties, 249, 324
- Polk, J. K., 105, 192, 255
- Pontiac, 131, 144
- Poor whites, 224
- Population center, 222
- Populists, 32, 127, 147, 155, 203,
220, 247, 277, 281, 305; Kansas,
238 - Prairie Plains, 129
- Prairie states, 239
- Prairies, 218, 236, 276, 348; settlement,
145, 147 - Presbyterians, 105, 106, 109, 164
- Presidency, 254; Mississippi Valley
and, 192; Ohio Valley and, 175;
Old Northwest and, 222 - Prices, 313
- Princeton college, 106
- Pritchett, H. S., 282
- Privilege, 192; conflict against,
120, 121 - Proclamation of 1763, 181
- Progressive Republican movement,
321 - Prohibitionists, 240
- "Proletariat," 285
- Property, 210; as basis of suffrage,
249 - Prosperity, 281
- Protection. See Tariff
- Provinces, geographic, 158
- Provincialism, desirable, 157, 159
- Prussianism, 337, 356
- Public lands, 25, 132, 303; policy
of America, 26, 170; Western
lands, first debates on, 191 - Public schools, 266, 282
- Puget Sound, 298
- Puritan ideals, 73, 75, 78; German
conflict with, 138 - Puritanism, 27
- Puritans and Indians, 44
- Purrysburg, 97
- Pyrichon, John, 51, 52
- Quakers, 105, 112, 164; in settlement
of Indiana, 224 - Quebec, Province of, 131
- Quincy, Josiah, 208
- Radisson, Sieur de, 180
- Railroads, administration by regions,
322; Chicago and, 150;
continental, 247; in early fifties,
137; land grants to, 276; Mississippi
Valley, 304; northwestern,
145; origin, 14; speculative
372movement, 276; statistics, 314;
western, 218 - Rancher's frontier, 12, 16
- Ranches, 9, 16; Virginia, 88
- Rappahannock River, 84, 90; settlement,
93 - Reclamation, 298
- Reclamation Service, 320
- Red Cloud (Indian), 144
- Red River valley, 145
- Redemptioners, 22, 90, 97, 100
- Reformers, 281, 324; social, 262–
263 - Regulation, War of the, 248
- Regulators, 116, 119, 120, 212
- Religion of the Middle West, 345
- Religious freedom of the Old West,
121 - Religious spirit, Ohio Valley, 164,
165; Upland South, 164, 165 - Rensselaerswyck, 80
- Representation, 114, 117, 120
- Republican party, 327
- Research, 284, 287, 331
- Revolution, American, 30
- Rhodes, J. F., 24
- Richmond, Va., 108
- Rights, equal, 326–327, 338; of
man, 192 - Ripley, W. Z., 316
- Robertson, James, 105, 187
- Rockefeller, J. D., 260, 264–265
- Rocky Mountains, 8, 9, 10, 298
- Roosevelt, Theodore, 202, 204, 281,
319, 327; on the Mississippi Valley,
178; "Winning of the
West," 67 - Root, Elihu, 159
- Roxbury, 59
- Royce, Josiah, 157, 358
- Rush, Richard, 317
- St Louis, 151, 161, 229
- St. Paul, 137, 234
- Salisbury, Mass., 56
- Salt, 17; annual pilgrimage to
coast for, 17 - Salt springs, 17, 18
- Salzburgers, 97
- Sandys, Sir Edwin, 301
- Sault Ste. Marie Canal, 149
- Scalps, Massachusetts bounty for,
45 - Scandinavians, 263, 350; Middle
West, 146; Western life, 232–
233, 234 - Schools, early difficulties, 107; see
also Public schools - Schurz, Carl, 337
- Science, 284, 330–331
- Scientific farming, 294
- Scotch Highlanders, 104; Georgia,
98 - Scotch-Irish, 5, 22, 71; migration
in Great Valley and Piedmont,
103; Pennsylvania, 104; South
Carolina, 97; Virginia, 86, 91–
92 - Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, 105,
109, 164 - Scovillites, 116
- Seaboard cities, 194, 195, 196
- Seattle, 298
- "Section" of land, 123, 132
- Sectionalism, 27, 28, 52, 157, 215,
220, 321 - Sections, relation, 159
- Self-government, 169, 190, 207, 248,
275 - Self-made man, 219, 318
- Servants, 60, 353
- Service to the Union, 358
- Settlement, community type, 73,
74 - Settler, 20
- Sevier, John, 105, 187
- Seward, W. H., 141; on the Northwest,
230; on the slavery issue
373in the Mississippi Valley, 199,
200 - Shays' Rebellion, 112, 119, 122, 249
- Sheffield, 71
- Sheldon, George, 58
- Shenandoah Valley, 68, 90, 91, 92,
99, 105 - Sherman, W. T., 142
- Sibley, H. H. (1811–1891), 272,
273, 328 - Silver movement, 238, 239, 329
- Simsbury, 63
- Singletary, Amos, 240
- Sioux Indians, 130
- Six Nations, 15, 83
- Slavery question, 24, 29, 98, 111,
139, 304, 330; compromise movement,
174; democracy and, 256;
expansion, 174; Middle West
and, 139; Mississippi Valley and,
198, 201; Northwest and, 230;
slaves as property, 115; Virginia
and North Carolina, 122 - Smith, Major Lawrence, 84
- Social control, 277
- Social forces, in American history,
311; mode of investigating, 330;
on the Atlantic coast, 295;
political institutions and,
243 - Social mobility, 355
- Social order, Mississippi Valley,
203–204; new, 263 - Social reformers, 262–263
- Socialism, 246, 277, 307, 321
- Society, backwoods, 212; rebirth
of in the West, 205 - Soils, 278, 279; search for, 18
- Solid South, 217
- South, 27, 166, 218; contribution
to settlement of Old Northwest
(Ohio, Indiana, Illinois), 223,
225–226; Ohio Valley and, 174;
solid, 217; transforming forces,
295; West and, 196, 197; see
also Upland South - South Carolina, 174; condition of
antagonism between coast and Interior,
116; land system, townships,
96; trade, 108 - South Dakota, development, 237
- Southeastern Europe, 294, 299, 316
- Southerners and the Middle West,
133–134, 135, 138 - Southwest, 297
- Spain, 167, 181, 246; Mississippi
Valley and, 184, 185 - Spangenberg, A. G., 17
- Spanish America 181, 182, 295
- Spanish frontier, 125
- Spanish War, 246
- Speculation, 319
- Spoils system, 32, 254
- Spotswood, Alexander, 22, 88, 90,
91, 113, 247; Mississippi Valley
and, 180 - Spotsylvania County, Va., 90
- Spreckles, Claus, 265
- Squatter-sovereignty, 140
- Squatters, 272, 343; doctrines, 273,
328; ideal, 320; Middle West,
137; Ohio Valley, 170; Pennsylvania
in 1726, 101 - Stark, John, 103–104
- State historical societies, 340
- State lines, 127
- State universities, 221, 354; as safeguard
of democracy, 286; Michigan,
233; peculiar power, 283–
284; pioneer ideals and, 269, 281 - States checkerboard, 218; frontier
pioneers' demand for statehood,
248; groups, 159; new states vs.
Atlantic States, 207; System of,
168 - Staunton, Va., 92
- Steam navigation, 7, 135, 171,
- Steel, 313
- Steel and iron industry, 152
- Stockbridge, 79
- Stoddard, Solomon, 45
- Success, 288, 309
- Sudbury, 39
- Suffrage, 192, 216; basis, 249;
frontier and extension, 30; manhood,
250, 352 - Superior, Lake, 180, 314; iron
mines, 152 - Swedes, 233
- Symmes Purchase, 223
- Talleyrand, 299
- Taney, R. B., 141
- Tariff, 25, 27, 170, 172, 197, 216
- Taylor, Zachary, 255
- Tecumthe, 134, 144
- Tennessee, 122, 168, 187, 225, 252,
253; democracy, 192 - Tennyson's "Ulysses," 310
- Territories, system of, 168, 169
- Texas, 168
- Thomas, J. B., 174
- Tocqueville, A. C. H. C. de, 153,
275, 303, 343 - Toledo, Ohio, 231
- Toleration, 355
- Town meeting, 62
- Towns, legislating into existence,
125; locating, Massachusetts, 76;
New England and Virginia, 41;
new settlements in New England,
55; South Carolina, 96; typical
form of establishing in New England,
74; Virginia, 85, 86 - Trader's frontier, 12; effects following,
12; rapidity of advance,
12, 13 - Trading posts, 14
- Transportation, 148; Great Lakes,
150 - Tryon, William, 106
- Tuscarora War, 94, 95
- Ulstermen, 103
- Unification of the West, 215
- United States, collection of nations,
158; development since
1890, 311; federal aspect, 159;
fundamental forces, 311; original
contribution to society, 281–282;
wealth, 312 - U. S. Steel Corporation, 152–153,
247, 265, 313 - Universities, duties, 292; function,
287; influence of university men,
285; need of freedom, 287; pressure
of democracies on, 283;
State and, 286; see also State
universities - Upland South, 164; religious spirit,
164, 165 - Van Buren, Martin, 254, 326
- Van Rensselaer manor, 81
- Vandalia, 229
- Verendryes, the, 180
- Vermont, 69, 72, 77, 78, 111, 122,
136 - Vermonters in Wisconsin and
Michigan, 228 - Vicksburg, 201
- Vigilance committees, 212
- Vinton, S. F., 141, 229
- Virginia, 301; early attempt to establish
frontier, 41; Indian wars,
69–70; inequalities, coast vs.
interior, 113; interest in Mississippi
Valley, 182; land grants,
91; land grants to societies, 85;
Piedmont, society, 95; Piedmont
portions, 87, 89; settlement in
latter part of 17th century, 83;
slavery, 122; two Virginias in
later 17th century, 94; Western
democracy and, 250 - Virginia Convention of 1829–30,
28, 31 - Visions, 270, 331, 339–340
- Voyageurs, 17
- Wachovia, 95
- Walker, F. A., 128
- War of 1812, 168, 213
- Washington, George, 92, 124; Mississippi
Valley and, 181, 182,
194, 196, 324; Ohio Valley and,
163, 167 - Wealth, 213–214, 219, 288, 319;
democracy versus, 192; in politics,
173; United States, 312 - Wells (town), 47
- "Welsh tract," 97
- Wentworth, Benning, 77
- West, American ideals and, 290;
beginning of, 6; center of interest,
327; constructive force,
206; contributions to democracy,
243; factor in American history,
1, 3; ideals, 209, 214, 267; indefiniteness
of term, 126; insurgent
voice, 319; main streams of
settlement, 215; mark of New
England, 36; phase of division,
216–217; population, 35; problem
of, 205; South and, 196,
197; war ings against, 208, 209;
Middle West; see also Old West;
Old Northwest - West Virginia, 114
- Westchester County, N. Y., 81
- Western colleges, 36
- Western life, dominant forces, 222
- Western Reserve, 124, 133
- Western spirit, 310
- "Western Waters," 161, 206, 302;
men of freedom and1' independence,
183. - "Western World," 161, 166, 206,
302; basis of its civilization, 177 - Wheat, 329; areas, 149
- Whig party, 27, 173, 304, 351
- White, Abraham, 240
- White, Hugh, 192
- Whitman, Walt, 336
- Wilderness, 262, 269, 270, 279
- Wilkinson, James, 169, 187
- Williams, John (1664–1729), 70
- Williams, Roger, 262
- Windsor, 76
- Winthrop, John, 62
- Wisconsin, 137, 138, 218, 294, 341;
development and elements, 233–
234; German element, 227, 228,
236; New England element, 228;
settlement, 226, 227 - Wood, Abraham, 98
- Woodstock, 59
- World's fairs, 156
- World-politics, 246, 315
- Wyoming Valley, 79, 124
- Yemassee War, 95
- "Young America" doctrine, 140
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| The frontier in American history | |