 | University of Virginia record February, 1912 |  |
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING.
| EDWIN ANDERSON ALDERMAN, D. C. L., LL. D. | President |
| WILLIAM MYNN THORNTON, LL. D. | Dean |
| FRANCIS HENRY SMITH, M. A., LL. D., | Emeritus Professor of Natural Philosophy |
| JOHN WILLIAM MALLET, M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., F. R. S., | Emeritus Professor of General and Industrial Chemistry |
| WILLIAM MYNN THORNTON, LL. D., | Professor of Applied Mathematics |
| FRANCIS PERRY DUNNINGTON, B. S., C. E., | Professor of Analytical and Industrial Chemistry |
| WILLIAM HOLDING ECHOLS, B. S., C. E., | Professor of Pure Mathematics |
| JAMES MORRIS PAGE, M. A., Ph. D., | Professor of Pure Mathematics |
| ROBERT MONTGOMERY BIRD, B. A., B. S., Ph. D., | Collegiate Professor of Chemistry |
| THOMAS LEONARD WATSON, Ph. D., | Corcoran Professor of Geology |
| JOHN LLOYD NEWCOMB, B. A., C. E., | Professor of Civil Engineering |
| LLEWELLYN GRIFFITH HOXTON, B. S., M. A., | Associate Professor of Physics |
| CHARLES HANCOCK, B. S., | Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering |
| WALTER SHELDON RODMAN, B. S., M. S., | Adjunct Professor of Electrical Engineering |
| GRAHAM EDGAR, B. S., Ph. D., | Adjunct Professor of Chemistry |
| CARROLL MASON SPARROW, M. A., Ph. D., | Adjunct Professor of Physics |
| STEPHEN TABER, B. A. | Instructor in Geology |
| EDWARD STAPLES SMITH, M. E. | Instructor in Mathematics |
| JOHN WILBUR WATSON, M. A. | Instructor in Chemistry |
| JOHN MORIN GALLALEE, M. E. | Instructor in Engineering |
| JOSEPH GRAY DINWIDDIE, B. S., | in Chemistry, Instructor in Chemistry |
| WARNER THROCKMORTON TABB, E. E., | Instructor in Electrical Engineering |
| HARRY HAMILTON GAVER, B. A. | Instructor in Mathematics |
| ROBERT EDWARD BEARD | Assistant in Mathematics |
| STERLING HENRY DIGGS | Assistant in Physics |
| LAWRENCE FONTAINE TUCKER, | Assistant in Civil Engineering |
| FRANK NELSON LEWIS | Assistant in Mechanical Engineering |
| ZACH ROBERT LEWIS | Assistant in Mechanical Engineering |
| ROBERT HUGH HOUSTON | Assistant in Civil Engineering |
| EUGENE PRICE BROWN | Assistant in Chemistry |
| JOHN MARSHALL | Assistant in Physics |
| GARDNER LLOYD CARTER | Assistant in Chemistry |
| WILLIAM ANDREW HORSLEY GANTT | Assistant in Chemistry |
| HERMAN LLOYD CHURCH | Assistant in Chemistry |
Inquiries with reference to Entrance Requirements should be
addressed to the Dean of the University.
For information as to lodgings, board, expenses, etc., and for
catalogue and other printed literature, address the Registrar.
For other information address the Dean of the Engineering
School.
ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS.
For admission to the regular Freshman Class in the Department
of Engineering the candidate must be at least sixteen years old. He
must present a certificate of honorable withdrawal from the school
last attended, or other valid proof of general good character. And
he must satisfy the Dean of the University as to his adequate preparation
for the work by passing the Entrance Examinations specified
below or by the presentation of equivalent certificates of preparation
signed by the President of a recognized institution of collegiate
rank, or by the Principal of an accredited high school. The
topics required for entrance and their values in units are as follows:
| English A.—Grammar and Grammatical Analysis | 1 |
| English B.—Composition and Rhetoric | 1 |
| English C.—Critical Study of Specimens of Literature | 1 |
| Mathematics A.—Algebra to Quadratics | 1 |
| Mathematics B.—Quadratics, Progressions, Binomial Formula | ½ |
| Mathematics C.—Plane Geometry | 1 |
| Mathematics D1.—Solid Geometry | ½ |
| Mathematics D2.—Plane Trigonometry | ½ |
| History.—Ancient; Mediæval; English; American (any one) | 1 |
| Electives | 6½ |
| Total | 14 |
The candidate is recommended to include among his electives
Physical Geography, Chemistry, Physics, Mechanical Drawing, and
Shop-work (valued at one unit each). Other electives which may
be offered are History (3 units), Latin (4 units), German (2 units),
French (2 units), Spanish (2 units), Botany (half unit), Zoölogy
(half unit).
COURSES OF INSTRUCTION.
The candidate who has satisfied the requirements for entrance
as above defined is matriculated as a student of Engineering and
admitted to the regular Freshman Class. The studies of this class
comprise lecture-courses in Mathematics 1, Chemistry 1, Engineering
1, with associated laboratory courses in Chemistry, Drawing,
Shop-work and Field-work.
For advancement to the Sophomore Class the student must have
completed at least two-thirds of his Freshman work. Upon entering
this class he elects his specialty. The courses thereafter diverge
according as the student is an applicant for a degree in Civil, Mechanical,
Electrical, Mining, or Chemical Engineering. Programmes
of study for each degree are given below.
The courses are so ordered that the specified entrance requirements
are adequate for the work of the Freshman Year. Each succeeding
year presupposes the completion of the work for all the foregoing
years. Students are advised to adhere strictly to the regular programmes.
The arrangements specified in them have been carefully
planned and are the best. Departures from the curriculum will in
almost every case produce conflicts in lecture hours or laboratory
periods and may cost the student a year's time. Haphazard election
is discouraged and in extreme cases will be prohibited. No
student will be registered for a course unless in the opinion both
of the Dean and of the professor his preliminary training has fitted
him for the profitable pursuit of that course.
Students are especially advised against the attempt to crowd
too many studies into their scheme of work, and are warned that
admission to advanced courses will be granted only to those who
have adequate mathematical and scientific training to profit by
them. Men overloaded with work, too great in volume or in difficulty
for their powers, suffer inevitable discouragement and incur
almost certain failure.
Every candidate for a degree in Engineering will be required
at the beginning of his graduating year to submit to the Dean some
subject for independent study suited to the student's especial course
and aims. After such subject has been approved by the Dean
and the Professor in charge, the student will be expected to carry
to present his results in the form of a Graduating Thesis. Such
thesis must be typewritten on standard sheets, 8 by 10½ inches,
bound in a proper cover, and handed in for final approval not
later than May 25th. All necessary computations and drawings
must accompany the thesis. Serious weight will be given to this
work in estimating the student's fitness for graduation.
MATHEMATICS.
Mathematics 1. [Page].
In Trigonometry, a complete course in Plane and Spherical
Trigonometry is pursued with constant drill in the solution of problems,
and exercises in the use of logarithms.
In Algebra, the work begins with the Progressions and proceeds
with the study of the Binomial Formula, Convergence and Divergence
of Series, with special study of the Binomial, Exponential,
and Logarithmic Series. The study of Inequalities and Determinants
prepares for the Theory of Equations with which the course
is closed.
In elementary Analytical Geometry the study of Cartesian and
Polar Coördinates is followed by numerous exercises on the graphical
representation of equations. Special attention is given to the
straight line and the representation of the general equation of the
first degree in two variables. The course is intended to prepare for
the fuller study of the Analytical Geometry of the conic sections.
Lectures, 9-10, Monday, Wednesday, Friday.
Mathematics 2. [Echols].
The subject matter of this course consists of the Analytical
Geometry of the Conic Sections beginning with the circle; Differential
Calculus; Integral Calculus. It is expected to conclude the
work in Analytical Geometry early in November and then to take
up the Differential Calculus which is discussed until the March examinations.
The last term of the session is devoted exclusively to
the Integral Calculus. Applicants for advanced standing must pass
a written examination on the topics of Mathematics 1. Lectures, 12-1,
Monday, Wednesday, Friday.
PHYSICS.
Physics 1. [Hoxton].
General Physics.—This course includes Elementary Mechanics,
Sound, Light, Heat, Electricity and Magnetism. Instruction is given
by text-books and lectures accompanied by experimental demonstrations.
In addition, recitations, solution of illustrative problems,
by the student are required. Lectures, 11-12, Tuesday, Thursday,
Saturday. Laboratory, 9-11, Monday, Wednesday, 3-5, Friday.
Physics 2. [Hoxton].
Electricity and Magnetism.—The elements of the Mathematical
theory are developed, free use being made of the methods of the
calculus. The lectures begin, however, with fundamental principles
of the subject. Laboratory work more advanced than that in
Physics 1 will be required, occupying the student from four to six
hours a week, and calling for the more exact measurement of the
chief physical quantities concerned. Lectures, 1-2, Tuesday, Thursday,
Saturday. Laboratory, 3-5, Tuesday, Thursday.
CHEMISTRY.
Chemistry 1. [Bird].
This class meets three times a week for lectures and works six
hours a week in the laboratory. It studies the fundamental principles
of General Chemistry—Inorganic, Organic, and Physical; but
devotes most of the time to the significant phenomena of Inorganic
Chemistry. At appropriate places the foundations of Analytical
Chemistry are taught and such special exercises are given as will
emphasize the more important chemical properties of the structural
materials of Engineering, fuels, and so on. No previous study of
Chemistry is demanded; but to students, who have received preliminary
instruction in a chemical laboratory, the exercises assigned
are of a somewhat more advanced type. Lectures, 10-11, Tuesday,
Thursday, Saturday. Laboratory, 12-2, Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday.
Chemistry 2. [Edgar].
This course consists of two divisions: Part I in Organic Chemistry:
Part II in Physical Chemistry. The class meets three times
a week for lectures and works six hours a week in the laboratory.
For Part II no knowledge of the Calculus is required. Lectures,
9-10, Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday. Laboratory, 3-5, Tuesday, Thursday,
Saturday.
Chemistry 3. [Bird].
This is a course in Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. There are
three lectures a week and at least nine hours a week must be devoted
to laboratory studies. Hours by appointment.
Analytical Chemistry 1. [Dunnington].
This course consists of three lessons a week throughout the
session, after each of which the students spend three or four hours
Manipulation is first given, then Blowpipe Analysis, Recognition
of Ores, Fire Assaying of Ores of Lead, Gold, and Silver, and a
systematic course in Inorganic Qualitative Analysis, followed by
practice in the analysis of salts, alloys, and ores, and the examination
of potable water, coal, limestone, clay, and so on, including
some simpler quantitative determinations. Weekly written exercises
are required. Lectures, 10-11, Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday.
Analytical Chemistry 2. [Dunnington].
The work of this course is also given in three lessons a week
throughout the session, each being followed by four hours or more
of practical laboratory work. This course is primarily one in Quantitative
Analysis. After some training in manipulation and gravimetric
estimations, the class pursues volumetric estimations and a
full course in Quantitative Analysis of minerals, ores, coal, soil,
iron and steel, technical products, and so on. Weekly written exercises
are required. As the student advances in the course he is
encouraged to undertake original research and assist in its prosecution;
and in determining his fitness for graduation, work of this
kind is considered as having much weight. Lectures, 10-11, Monday,
Wednesday, Friday.
The laboratory is open to students six days in the week, during
all the working hours of the day.
Industrial Chemistry. [Dunnington].
This course is concerned with the applications of chemistry to
the purposes of human life. It examines in detail the chemical
principles and processes specially involved in the more important
arts and manufactures; as for example the Metallurgy of iron, steel,
copper, and all the important metals: the Manufacture of limes,
cements, mortars, and other building materials: the Chemistry of
explosives, lubricants, paints, and other preservatives. Exercises in
chemical computations are regularly required. Lectures, 3-4, Monday,
Wednesday, Friday; 12-1, Tuesday.
The collections of the University in illustration of the processes
and products of Industrial Chemistry have been procured at much
expense and pains in this country, England, France, and Germany,
and are extensive and good; among the best on this side of the
Atlantic.
GEOLOGY.
Geology 1. [Watson].
General Geology.—A course of three lectures a week and nine
study, throughout the year. The divisions of Dynamical, Structural,
and Physiographical Geology are covered in considerable detail.
Special emphasis is given to the study of common rock-forming
minerals and rocks, building stones and ores. Lectures, 1-2, Monday,
Tuesday, Wednesday. Laboratory, 10-1, Monday, Wednesday.
Geology 2. [Watson].
Economic Geology.—This course is designed to give a general
but comprehensive account of the origin, nature, distribution and
uses of the metallic and non-metallic products of the earth with especial
reference to those of the United States. Lectures, collateral
reading, laboratory and field work to the amount of twelve hours
a week throughout the year. Lectures, 12-1, Monday, Tuesday,
Wednesday. Laboratory by appointment.
MINING.
Mining Engineering. [Thornton].
Exploitation of Mines.—Lectures on the principles to be observed
in prospecting; on the work of opening the mine by shaft
or adit tunnel; on the layout of the underground workings and the
extraction of the mineral; on timbering the excavation; on lighting
the mine; on mine explosions and other accidents; on mine surveys,
maps, and plans; practical exercises solved by the student in
nocturnal surveying and on the computations and drawings of the
Mining Engineer.
Mining Machinery.—Lectures on the central power plant for
mining undertakings; on the theory and operation of power transmission
lines; on the machinery for haulage, hoisting, drainage,
and ventilation; on the methods and machinery used in hydraulic
mining; and on the machinery for quarrying and ore dressing. The
lectures are paralleled by a series of practical exercises in which
the student makes independent estimates on the mechanical equipment
of a projected mine or reports on the operation and outfit of
some actual mine inspected by him.
Electricity in Mining.—Lectures on the installation of electric
lines for light and for power in mines; on the special types of generators
and motors suitable for mines; on electric locomotives and
haulage; on electrically driven hoists, pumps, and fans; on electric
coal cutters; on electric lights for mines; and on electric methods
of signaling. Practical exercises in electric computations for mine
installations. Lectures, 9-10. Thursday, Friday, Saturday.
MECHANICS.
Mechanics 1. [Thornton].
The systematic study of Theoretical Mechanics offered in this
course presupposes the completion of courses equivalent to Mathematics
1 and 2 and Physics 1. The topics treated in the successive
terms are as follows:
Fall Term.—Statics of the material particle and of solid bodies.
Winter Term.—Dynamics of the particle; elementary treatment
of the dynamics of the rigid body.
Spring Term.—Dynamics of the rigid body; attractions and
potential.
Free use is made of the calculus, and no student will be admitted
to the class, who has not a good working knowledge of this
branch of pure mathematics. Especial attention is given to the
mechanical problems which arise in engineering practice. Lectures,
10-11, Monday, Wednesday, Friday.
Mechanics 2. [Thornton].
The work is distributed as follows:
Fall Term.—Strength of Materials.
Winter Term.—Hydrostatics and Hydraulics.
Spring Term.—Hydraulic Motors and Pumps.
Lectures, 9-10, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday.
Mechanics 3. [Thornton].
The subjects treated are as follows:
Fall Term.—River Engineering and Hydraulic Power Plants.
Winter Term.—Stability of Structures.
Spring Term.—Secondary Stresses in Structures, Dynamics of
Machines.
Lectures, 10-11, Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday.
Mechanical Laboratory. [Thornton and Gallalee].
In this course the student verifies in the laboratory the more
important data and conclusions of the theoretical courses. The
work is divided as below:
Fall Term.—Testing the Materials of Construction; including
tensile and compressive tests of wires, rods, and bars for strength
and elasticity; transverse tests of timber and cast iron; torsional
tests of metals; and tensile and compressive tests of cements and
mortars, stones and bricks and concrete.
Winter Term.—Friction and Lubricants; including experiments
on sliding friction, journal friction and belt friction; on the viscosity
and density of lubricants; and on the friction of machines.
Spring Term.—Hydraulic Laboratory; including measurements
of efflux from orifices and weir notches, the experimental study of
pipe friction, and the determination of the specific gravities of the
materials of engineering. Practical exercises in stream gauging are
also required. Hours, 10-1, Saturday.
DRAWING.
Systematic instruction in engineering drawing is given through
the Freshman and Sophomore years. The student is carefully
trained in the technique of good draftsmanship. Especial attention
is paid to lettering. The importance of neatness, accuracy, clearness
and completeness is constantly impressed upon the student's
mind. Frequent exercises in tracing and blue printing are required.
As the student advances in the course he is taught more and more
to use the graphical method not merely as a means of representation,
but as an instrument of research both in Geometry and in Mechanics.
To the Junior and Senior students are assigned by their respective
professors such further drawings as are needed for the full development
of the courses of instruction.
Drawing 1. [Thornton and Hancock].
The work is distributed over the several terms as follows, one
finished plate 15″ × 20″ being required of the student each week.
The theoretical instruction in the subjects of this course is given
in connection with the work of Engineering 1. The practical
teaching is given at the drawing board. Hours, 11-2, Monday,
Wednesday.
Fall Term.—Mechanical Drawing; embraces careful training in
technique, assiduous practice in lettering, and the graphical solution
in the weekly plates of a series of carefully selected problems in
practical plane and solid geometry, and in graphical algebra and
trigonometry.
Winter Term.—Machine Drawing.—Carefully constructed and
finished plates consisting of detailed working drawings of machine
parts. The drawings are made, in part, from free-hand sketches
from the machine itself, and, in part from designs and specifications
worked out by the student in the class in Machine Construction.
Spring Term.—Topographical Drawing.—This course consists of
nine hours per week in the drawing-room throughout the Spring
Term of the Freshman year, and is devoted to a study of the conventional
methods employed in making topographical maps. Each
proficient in the preparation of such maps. Particular attention
is given to the study of contour maps, and the solution of
problems relating thereto.
Drawing 2. [Thornton and Gallalee].
This course requires each week three hours of lecture work and
nine of study and practice, of which six are in the drawing-room
under the tuition of the instructor. The distribution of topics is
as below: Hours, 12-2, Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday. Lectures, 11-12,
Monday, Wednesday, Friday.
Fall Term.—Graphical Statics.—The necessary preparation is
such knowledge of experimental mechanics as is given in Physics
1. The theory and use of graphical methods in mechanics are
carefully taught and illustrated by means of problems in the composition
and resolution of velocities and accelerations, and of forces
and moments. Applications follow to the determination by graphical
methods of centers of gravity and moments of inertia, to the
construction of stress sheets for the simpler forms of roof trusses
and bridges, to the study of the stability of reservoir dams and
retaining walls, and to the calculation of internal stress in girders
and shafts.
Winter Term.—Descriptive Geometry.—The required preparation
is given by Drawing 1. The fundamental problems on the
point, line, and plane are carefully studied, with applications to the
construction of shadows on polyedra and to the graphical statics
of force systems in three dimensions. The projections, tangencies,
sections, and intersections of curved surfaces are then taken up,
with applications to the determination of shades and shadows on
such surfaces. The course concludes with an elementary theory
of linear perspective.
Spring Term.—Structural Drawing.—The methods of Graphical
Statics and Descriptive Geometry are applied to the design and
analysis of a series of simple structures in masonry, timber, steel,
concrete, and so on. Incidental instruction is given in the elements
of stereotomy, the construction of joints in carpentry, and
the analysis of simple types of roofs and bridges.
ENGINEERING.
Engineering 1.
This course is designed to furnish to the beginner in engineering
studies training in those preliminary disciplines, which form a
necessary part of his equipment, whatever the specialty which he
may later elect. The work is distributed as follows: Lectures, 11-12,
Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday.
Fall Term.—Practical Geometry. [Thornton].—This course presupposes
good high-school training in plane and solid geometry
and in the rudiments of plane trigonometry. It embraces a review
and extension of the fundamental problems of plane geometry with
applications to the mensuration of rectilinear and curvilinear figures;
an elementary study of the conic sections and of the methods
of constructing these curves; the orthographic projection of polyedra
and of the three round bodies in erect and in oblique positions;
the mensuration of solids and Simpson's rule; the graphical solution
of equations, both algebraic and transcendental; and the theory
and use of the Polar Planimeter.
Winter Term.—Machine Construction. [Hancock].—A study of
the hand and machine tools in the wood and machine shops and
of the testing machines in the laboratory, involving careful investigation
of their functions, construction, and operation; free-hand
sketching of machine parts, elementary problems in the computation
of shafting, belting, rope drives, toothed gears, etc. Illustrative
and descriptive lectures are given and a large number of questions
and problems are assigned the student to guide him in the
study of each machine.
Spring Term.—Plane Surveying. [Newcomb].—Lectures on the
theory, uses, and adjustments of the Compass, Level, Transit, and
Stadia; the Computations of Surveying; the methods and proper
conduct of Land, Mine, City, Topographic, and Hydrographic Surveys.
Practical class exercises illustrating the subject matter of
the lectures are assigned to the students throughout the entire
course.
The following courses in engineering practice are given in
parallel with the lectures:
Wood Shop.—Exercises at the bench in sawing, planing, boring,
chiseling, and tool sharpening; lathe work in turning between centers
and on the face plate; practice at the machine tools in the
construction of some simple though useful article. Hours, 3-6.
Friday.
Machine Shop.—Bench exercises in chipping and filing; engine
lathe turning, boring, outside and inside thread cutting; drilling,
planing, and milling. Hours, 3-6, Friday.
Field Surveying.—The student is required to spend three afternoons
a week throughout the Spring Term in Field Surveying and
Plotting. He is taught the use of the Chain, Tape, Compass, Level,
Transit, Stadia, and Plane Table. The work in the drawing-room
consists in making Computations, Scale Drawings, Profiles, and
Contour Maps from notes taken in the field. Hours, 3-6, thrice a
week.
CIVIL ENGINEERING.
Engineering 2C. [Newcomb].
Curves and Earthwork.—Lectures on Simple, Compound, Transition
and Vertical Curves; the form of Excavations and Embankments,
Earthwork Surveys, Computation of Volumes, Formation of
Embankments, Computation of Haul, Cost of Earthwork, Blasting.
Practical exercises in Map Drawing and Topography.
Railroad Engineering.—Lectures on Reconnoissance and Preliminary
Surveys, Office Location, Field Location; the construction,
maintenance and operation of Railroads. Special attention is given
to questions of Economics which arise in the location, construction,
and operation of Railroads.
Roads, Streets, and Street Railways.—Lectures on the Principles
of Road Location; the Construction and Maintenance of Earth
Roads, Broken Stone Roads, Gravel Roads; the pavements for City
Streets and Sidewalks; the Location and Construction of Street
Railways. Laboratory tests of Road Materials. Lectures, 9-10,
Thursday, Friday, Saturday.
Engineering 3C. [Newcomb].
Masonry Construction.—Lectures on the Materials of Construction;
Foundations; the design and construction of Dams, Retaining
Walls, Bridge Piers and Abutments, Culverts, Arches; the Theory
of Reinforced Concrete; the design and construction of the simpler
Reinforced Concrete Structures. Practical exercises in the design
of Masonry Structures and Structural Drawing.
Short Span Bridges.—Lectures on the design and construction
of standard types of Steel and Timber Bridges. Each student
makes a complete bridge design with all necessary computations and
drawings.
Long Span Bridges.—Lectures on the design and construction of
the more intricate Simple Trusses, Cantilever Bridges, Steel Arches,
Continuous Girders, and Swing Bridges. Each student is required
to work out stress sheets and general drawings for specified types
of long span Bridges. Lectures 1-2, Thursday, Friday, Saturday.
Railroad Field-Work and Drawing.—This course supplements the
course on Curves and Earthwork, and extends three afternoons a
week throughout the Fall Term of the Junior year. The class is
divided into squads, each squad making complete Surveys, Maps,
Profiles, and Estimates for a mile of located line.
During the Winter and Spring Terms the time of the student
is devoted to Bridge Drafting. Hours, 3-6, thrice weekly.
Engineering 4C. [Newcomb].
Water Works and Sewers.—Lectures on the quality, sources,
collection, conveyance, purification, and distribution of City Water
Supplies; the laws of flow in pipe lines and aqueducts; the drainage
of houses and streets; the collection and conveyance of sewage;
the disposal of sewage; the construction and maintenance of works.
Practical exercises in the design of pipe lines and sewers.
Reinforced Concrete.—This course supplements the course on
Masonry Construction, and extends throughout the Winter Term
of the Senior year. Lectures on the Theory of Reinforced Concrete,
the Design and Construction of selected types of Reinforced Concrete
structures. Practical exercises in the design of Reinforced
Concrete structures, and Structural Drawing. Lectures, 12-1, Thurs
day, Friday, Saturday.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.
Engineering 2M [Hancock].
Elementary Steam Engineering.—Descriptive and experimental
study of steam and gas engines, steam turbines, condensers, feed-water
heaters, feed pumps and injectors. The properties of steam;
the steam engine indicator, calorimeters, and separators. Engine
testing and the computation of power and efficiency. Weekly problems
for private solution. For illustration and practice free use
is made of the steam equipment of the laboratory and of the university
power plant.
Steam Boilers and Power Plants.—Power boilers and superheaters;
choice of type for specific service; fuels, combustion, corrosion,
and incrustation; furnaces, settings, and boiler rating. Choice and
arrangement of apparatus for steam power plants; piping plans, and
estimates of cost. Weekly problems and designs.
Machine Design.—Straining actions in machine elements; friction,
lubrication, and efficiency; riveted fastenings, screws and screw
fastenings; keys, cotters, and force fits; axles, shafting, and couplings,
journals and bearings; belt and rope transmissions; toothed
gearing, spur, and bevel wheels. Problems for private solution involving
analysis and design of machine elements are assigned each
week. Lectures, 1-2, Thursday, Friday, Saturday.
Engineering 3M. [Hancock].
Thermodynamics of Heat Engines.—Thermodynamic theory o
hot air, gas, and steam engines, steam turbines, air compressing and
refrigerating machinery and compressed air transmission. Laboratory
problems for private solution.
Engine Design.—Straining actions in and design of engine parts;
valves, valve gears, nozzles, vanes, and governors; balancing. Weekly
problems and designs.
Hydraulic Machinery.—Pressure machines, hydraulic transmission,
reciprocating pumps, turbines, and centrifugal pumps; hydraulic
power plants. Weekly problems and designs. Lectures, 9-10,
Thursday, Friday, Saturday.
Engineering 4M. [Hancock].
Kinematics of Machines.—Plane, spheric, and screw motions;
quadric and slider-crank chains; cams, ratchets, escapements, toothed
gears, et cetera. Weekly problems for graphical solution.
Locomotive Engineering.—Locomotive furnaces and boilers;
valves and valve gears; inertia effects on moving parts, their
strength and design; balancing, tractive force, hauling capacity, efficiency,
and economy. Weekly problems and designs. Lectures,
12-1, Thursday, Friday, Saturday.
In addition to the instruction in the principles of Mechanical
Engineering gained from the lectures and the demonstrations in the
laboratory connected with them, the student learns much from the
courses in engineering practice outlined below. In these he solves
for himself under the personal criticism and guidance of competent
instructors all the fundamental problems in the practical duties of
the mechanical engineer.
Advanced Machine Shop.—Bench and machine-tool work in the
construction of articles of commercial value. Fall Term of the
Junior year, and Winter Term of the Senior year; hours, 3-6, thrice
weekly.
Pattern Making, Foundry and Forge Shop.—Simple solid and
split patterns and core boxes; core making, moulding, and casting;
exercises in forging iron and steel; forging and tempering center
punches, cold chisels, lathe, and planer tools. Spring Term of the
Junior year. Hours, 3-6, twice weekly.
Steam Laboratory.—Practice at the Lighting and Power Plant
in the operation and care of boilers, engines, generators, pumps,
feed-water heaters, et cetera; in the steam laboratory with steam
and gasoline engines, condensers, calorimeters, separators, indicators;
steam fitting and testing steam lines. Winter Term of the
Junior year. Hours, 3-6, twice weekly.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.
Engineering 2E. [Rodman].
The work of the Fall Term is devoted to the study of the Elements
of Electrical Engineering as comprised in the fundamental
principles of electrical measurements and of electric and magnetic
circuits.
Especial attention is given to the fundamental laws of Ohm and
Kirchhoff with practical exemplifications in numerous assigned problems.
The latter part of the term's work is introductory to the
detailed study of direct current dynamo machinery.
The laboratory course paralleling the lectures is devoted to the
methods of using electrical measuring devices and to the more elementary
tests of the characteristics of electric and magnetic circuits.
The winter Term is devoted to a detailed study of the theory,
construction, characteristics and operation of Direct Current Generators
and Motors and the accessory apparatus required for their
proper management and control. The latter part of the term's work
is concerned with the theory, construction and operation of Storage
Batteries of approved modern types. Problem work illustrating the
methods of calculation involved in direct current circuits and practical
examples from standard engineering practice form an important
adjunct to the lectures.
The parallel laboratory course is concerned with the experimental
determination of the complete characteristics, the efficiency and
the temperature conditions which are manifested in the practical
operation of direct current dynamo machinery and storage batteries.
The Spring Term is given to the study of Periodic Currents.
A careful study is made of circuits and their characteristics when
resistance, inductance and capacity are present in all their possible
combinations. Extended problem work is required to facilitate the
treatment of simple and complex circuits. Free use is made of
vector and symbolic notation and graphical solutions, while especial
attention is given to the standard methods of nomenclature by
means of which otherwise confusing effects may be clearly elucidated.
The physical conceptions are kept always prominently in view
and the value of mathematics as a tool is emphasized. The latter
part of the course is devoted to a rapid survey of alternating current
machines and apparatus in order to familiarize the student
with general types and characteristics.
The laboratory is chiefly concerned with the more complicated
tests on direct current machines, only a few exercises being devoted
9-10, Thursday, Friday, Saturday; laboratory hours, 12-2, Monday,
Tuesday.
Engineering 3E. [Rodman].
The Fall Term is spent in a detailed study of Alternating Current
Generators and Transformers with their accessory measuring and
controlling devices. The theory, construction, regulation and operation
of single and polyphase generators are discussed, and the details
of standard types of transformers are carefully considered.
Graphical diagrams showing operating characteristics are
freely used as offering the most readily comprehensible treatment of
the complex relations existing in alternating current circuits.
Assigned problem work illustrating the theory and practice is
made use of to supplement the lectures.
The laboratory work gives practical demonstration of the characteristics
of alternating current apparatus and complete characteristic,
regulation and efficiency tests are made on non-inductive and
reactive loads for single, two and three phase arrangements of both
dynamo machines and transformers.
The Winter Term is a continuance of the study of Alternating
Current Phenomena, especial attention being directed to the various
types of Alternating Current Motors, synchronous and induction,
both single and polyphase, with their theory, construction, operation
and auxiliary control apparatus. Extended problem work
forms an important adjunct to the lectures and recitations.
In the laboratory the theory is put to proof by means of tests
performed on motors of all types, operating under ordinary conditions.
Torque and efficiency runs are made, and the adaptability of
each special type of motor for various work is made prominent.
The Spring Term embraces work which is in part a résumé of
the entire course, being devoted to a general study of Generation,
Transmission and Distribution of Electrical Energy, prime movers,
generating apparatus, switchboards and protective devices, high tension
long distance transmission lines, substations, and the economic
design and operation of modern electric power plants, and transmission
systems. Particular attention is paid to the problems concerned
in the design and construction of power plants and in the
choice of units.
The laboratory work is devoted to the completion of the more
complex tests on alternating machinery as units and as complete
hours, 9-11, Monday, Wednesday.
Engineering 4E. [Rodman].
The Fall Term is given to the study of Electric Lighting and
Photometry. The student is made familiar with the modern types
of illuminants and their characteristics. Photometry and photometric
standards are discussed, and some of the general problems confronting
the Illuminating Engineer are treated. Problem work illustrating
the computations necessary for the consideration of the
lighting expert are made an important part of the course.
The laboratory tests are devoted to detailed studies of incandescent
and are lamps as to their luminous effects, efficiency and
general characteristics.
During the Winter Term a study is made of Electric Traction
and Traction Apparatus, including the various types of direct and
alternating current railway motors, controllers, brakes, rolling stock,
track, train performance and electric railway economics. A discussion
of the particular advantages of direct current, single phase
or polyphase, motor action is taken up and the best uses for each
system are outlined.
The laboratory is complementary to the course during the same
term which deals with alternating current motor testing.
The Spring Term hours for this course are given over to form
a part of the required Thesis time. Lecture hours, 12-1, Thursday,
Friday, Saturday; laboratory hours, 11-2, Wednesday.
LECTURE AND LABORATORY SCHEDULE. DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING.
| Monday. | Tuesday. | Wednesday. | Thursday. | Friday. | Saturday. | |
| Math. 1 | Chem. 2 | Math. 1 | Chem. 2 | Math. 1 | Chem. 2 | |
| Mech. 2 | Mech. 2 | Mech. 2 | Engin. 2C | Engin. 2C | Engin. 2C | |
| Engin. 3M | Engin. 3M | Engin. 3M | ||||
| 9-10 | Engin. 2E | Engin. 2E | Engin. 2E | |||
| Phys. Lab. 1 | Phys. Lab. 1 | |||||
| Eng. Lab. 3E | Eng. Lab. 3E | |||||
| 10-11 | Mech. 1 | Mech. 3 | Mech. 1 | Mech. 3 | Mech. 1 | Mech. 3 |
| An. Chem. 2 | Chem. 1 | An. Chem. 2 | Chem. 1 | An. Chem. 2 | Chem. 1 | |
| An. Chem. 1 | An. Chem. 1 | An. Chem. 1 | ||||
| Phys. Lab. 1 | Phys. Lab. 1 | |||||
| Geol. Lab. 1 | Geol. Lab. 1 | |||||
| Eng. Lab. 3E | Eng. Lab. 3E | |||||
| 11-12 | Draw. 2 | Engin. 1 | Draw. 2 | Engin. 1 | Draw. 2 | Engin. 1 |
| Phys. 1 | Phys. 1 | Phys. 1 | ||||
| Engin. 3E | Engin. 3E | Engin. 3E | ||||
| Draw. 1 | Draw. 1 | |||||
| Geol. Lab. 1 | Geol. Lab. 1 | |||||
| Eng. Lab. 4E | ||||||
| Math. 2 | Math. 2 | Math. 2 | ||||
| Geol. 2 | Geol. 2 | Geol. 2 | Engin. 4C | Engin. 4C | Engin. 4C | |
| Engin. 4M | Engin. 4M | Engin. 4M | ||||
| 12-1 | Engin. 4E | Engin. 4E | Engin. 4E | |||
| Eng. Lab. 2E | Eng. Lab. 2E | Eng. Lab. 4E | ||||
| Geol. Lab. 1 | Draw. 2 | Geol. Lab. 1 | Draw. 2 | Draw. 2 | ||
| Draw. 1 | Chem. Lab. 1 | Draw. 1 | Chem. Lab. 1 | Chem. Lab. 1 | ||
| 1-2 | Geol. 1 | Geol. 1 | Geol. 1 | Engin. 3C | Engin. 3C | Engin. 3C |
| Indl. Chem. | Engin. 2M | Engin. 2M | Engin. 2M | |||
| Phys. 2 | Phys. 2 | Phys. 2 | ||||
| Eng. Lab. 2E | Eng. Lab. 2E | Eng. Lab. 4E | ||||
| Draw. 1 | Draw. 2 | Draw. 2 | Draw. 2 | |||
| Chem. Lab. 1 | Draw. 1 | Chem. Lab. 1 | Draw. 1 | Chem. Lab. 1 | ||
| 3-6 | Indl. Chem. (3-4) | Shop-work 4M | Indl. Chem. (3-4) | Shop-work 4M | Indl. Chem. (3-4) | Shop-work 4M |
| Shop-work 3M | Phys. Lab. 2 | Shop-work 3M | Phys. Lab. 2 | Shop-work 1 | ||
| Chem. Lab. 2 | Chem. Lab. 2 | Phys. Lab. 1 | ||||
| Daily practice in Field-work, Spring (1), Fall (3C); in Bridge-drafting (3C), Winter and Spring. | ||||||
EXAMINATIONS AND REPORTS.
Written Examinations are held at the end of each term covering
the work of that term and the results of these examinations, combined
with the student's class standing, give his Term Grade.
Regular Reports are sent out at the end of every term to the
student's parent or guardian. These state for each course followed
the term grade and the number of absences. Further comment
may be added by the Dean or the Professor, if it appears probable
that such comment would be helpful to the student. Parents are
urged to examine these reports carefully, and to exert such parental
influence as may seem needed to establish and confirm the student
in habits of industry and order.
Special Reports are sent to parents at the end of each month for
students delinquent in attendance or studiousness and for delinquents
only. When a student is making steady progress and showing
due diligence in his work only the regular reports are sent.
The receipt of a special report is evidence that, in the judgment of
the Faculty, prompt and pointed parental admonition is urgently
needed.
Re-examinations are held during registration week in September.
To these re-examinations the Faculty will admit, on the recommendation
of his professor, any student of the previous session who in
any course fell below the pass mark of seventy-five per cent., but
made at least sixty-five per cent. at the regular examination. For
every such re-examination the student must pay to the Bursar on
or before July 15th a fee of $5, which fee is in no case returnable.
The student who fails in any course and does not make up his deficiency
on re-examination will be required to register anew for
that course and attend the lectures and pass the regular examination,
unless relieved by special vote of the Faculty. The Dean will
send to every student eligible for re-examination a programme of
the dates of the September examinations.
DEGREES.
Upon the completion of the four years' course as defined in any
one of the Programmes of Study and the presentation of an acceptable
graduating thesis the Faculty will award to any student in
regular and honorable standing the appropriate Degree of Civil Engineer,
Mechanical Engineer, Electrical Engineer, Mining Engineer,
or Chemical Engineer. In each programme will be found the Topics
of Study for the several years. The hours for lectures and laboratory
exercises will be found in the Schedule. The dates for the
examinations are given in the Examination Programme.
PROGRAMME OF EXAMINATIONS.
1912-1913.
| DEC. | MAR. | JUNE | Freshman | Sophomore | Junior | Senior |
| 11 | 12 | 12 | Engineering 2M | Mechanics 1 | Anal. Chem. 2 | |
| 13 | 3 | Engineering 4C | ||||
| 12 | Mathematics 1 | Engineering 4M | ||||
| Engineering 4E | ||||||
| Chemistry 3 | ||||||
| 13 | 14 | 4 | Mathematics 2 | |||
| 14 | 15 | 5 | Engineering 2E | Physics 2 | ||
| 16 | 17 | 6 | Anal. Chem. 1 | |||
| Mechanics 3 | ||||||
| 17 | 18 | 7 | Engineering 1 | Physics 1 | Engineering 3 | |
| 18 | 19 | 9 | Engineering 3C | Geology 2 | ||
| Indl. Chem. | ||||||
| 19 | 20 | 10 | Engineering 2C | Engineering 3M | ||
| Chemistry 2 | ||||||
| 20 | 21 | 11 | Chemistry 1 | Geology 1 | ||
| 21 | 22 | 2 | Drawing 2 | Mechanics 2 |
(i) The student who makes an average of less than 40 per cent.
on his courses at the end of any term is dropped from the rolls.
(ii) The student who makes an average of 40 per cent. or more
at the end of any term, but who makes less than 65 per cent. on
each of his courses, is on probation for the term next ensuing.
(iii) The student—already on probation—who again makes less
than 65 per cent. on each of his courses at the end of the current
term, is dropped from the rolls.
EXPENSES OF REGULAR STUDENTS.
The average annual expenses of a student who pursues the
regular course in Engineering will be:
| Outside Students. |
Virginians. | |
| University Fee | $ 40 | $ 40 |
| Tuition and Laboratory Fees (average) | 100 | 50 |
| Living Expenses (for nine months) | 225 | 225 |
| Books and Drawing Materials | 20 | 20 |
| Incidental Expenses (for nine months) | 45 | 45 |
| Total for average conditions | $430 | $380 |
The charges for Tuition are uniform to all students, except that
Virginians are relieved of tuition on courses offered in the College.
The fee for each class taken will be $25, with the addition of the
prescribed laboratory charges, which are $5 for each class in Applied
Mechanics, Engineering, and Physics; $15 for Chemistry. For
each class in Analytical Chemistry a special fee of $50 is charged
for tuition, plus $10 for apparatus and supplies. The fee for practical
instruction in each class in Drawing is $10.
The University Fee entitles the student to the free use of the
Library, Gymnasium, Shops, and Laboratories; to free medical attention;
to the services of the Instructor in Physical Culture; to
the facilities of the Hospital in case of need; and covers all fees for
the regular examinations, degrees, and diplomas.
The Living Expenses include board, lodging, fuel and lights,
servant and laundry; the average is $25 a month, the minimum $18,
and a reasonable maximum $32. Books and Drawing Materials will
cost about $80 for the four year course. Incidental Expenses ought
to be kept within modest bounds; the above estimate is sufficient;
large allowances of pocket money promote idleness and attract companions
of the baser sort. No allowances are made for clothing or
traveling expenses, which vary too much to be introduced into any
general estimate.
The following are payable on entrance: University Fee ($40);
Tuition and Laboratory Fees ($100); Contingent Deposit ($10);
Books and Instruments ($20); and one month's Living Expenses
($32-18). The student will need at entrance about $200.
SPECIAL COURSE IN HIGHWAY ENGINEERING.
In recognition of the growing interest in Good Roads in Virginia
and the immense economic importance of the construction of
such roads in all parts of the Commonwealth, the courses of instruction
relating directly to this topic have been grouped together
to form a Special Course in Highway Engineering. This course
is given in the Spring Term and embraces:
A. Location, Construction and Maintenance of County Roads
and of City Streets and Pavements, with laboratory
tests of road materials. [Newcomb].B. Plane Surveying with especial reference to land and topographical
surveying and to highway location. [Newcomb].C. Topographical Drawing, embracing contoured maps, colored
topography, map lettering, tracing and blue printing.
[Hancock].D. Structural Drawing, with especial reference to county road
bridges, and to culverts and retaining walls for highways.
[Thornton and Gallalee].E. Field Surveying, with the adjustments and uses of the compass,
transit, level and plane table. [Newcomb and the
field assistants].
The regular fees for this special course aggregate $40.00, but
to a limited number of adequately prepared applicants, citizens of
Virginia, nominated by the County Board of Supervisors of their
respective counties, free scholarships will be given. Such students
pay only a registration fee of $5.00, for the use of field instruments
and laboratory apparatus.
REQUIREMENTS FOR ADVANCED STANDING.
Applicants from other colleges will be admitted provisionally to
advanced standing as candidates for a degree in Engineering upon
presentation of proper certificates covering the courses for which
credit is desired. Such certificates must be filed with the Dean,
and must be acceptable both to him and to the professors in charge
of the accredited courses. The certificate must bear the official
signature of the head of the college; must specify the character and
content of the course followed by the student; must give his marks,
which should not fall below the standard seventy-five per cent. of
this University; and must recommend the student as worthy of admission
to the University of Virginia in respect of both character
and scholarship. The final validation of such a certificate is effected
by the successful completion of the courses attended in this university.
The programme of studies offered by such a candidate for his
degree in Engineering must satisfy all the requirements for that
to engineering studies in this university.
Credits on Practical Work will be allowed to applicants, who
have accomplished successfully courses in Drawing, Field-Work, or
Shop-Work equivalent to those given in this university, or have acquired
in professional practice the training which these courses represent.
To secure credit for such work the student must make
written application to the Dean of the Department, and with this
application must file the certificate of the chief draftsman or other
officer under whom the work was done.
Applicants for admission to the Engineering Department, who
are over twenty years old, and desire to enter for the pursuit of
special elective courses, must present adequate proofs of good character
and of the needful maturity and training. Such applicants are
then registered as Special Students, and are admitted without formal
examination to the privileges of the university, but not as candidates
for any titled degree.
HUMANISTIC STUDIES.
Students, who have enjoyed the benefits of sound preliminary
training in good high schools, are advised in all cases to enrich
and liberalize their professional course by the introduction of humanistic
studies.
Under the elective system of this university it is easy to plan a
schedule of work for a well-prepared matriculate, which will at the
end of six years give him in addition to his professional degree the
general culture degree of Bachelor of Science or of Bachelor of Arts.
The additional courses required are three in two languages (selected
from French, German, and Latin), two in historical science (History
or Economics), three courses in English, English Literature, or
Biblical History and Literature, and two courses in Philosophy
(Logic, or Ethics, or Psychology).
DRAFTING ROOMS.
The drafting rooms are abundantly lighted and are provided
with solidly constructed tables with locked drawers for instruments
and materials. Each student is assigned to a table and has a drawer
for his exclusive use. The regular Drawing Classes execute each
one plate a week under the supervision of the Instructor in Drawing.
The more advanced students have such additional drawings assigned
by their respective professors as are needed for the full development
of the courses of study.
Careful attention is given to the training of the students in
lettering, in the conventional signs of mechanical drawing, in the
are required also in tracing and in blue-printing, the rooms
for which are conveniently arranged and in close contiguity to
the drafting rooms. While, however, technical dexterity is demanded,
the graphical method is taught and used primarily as a powerful
and indispensable instrument of research, the thoughtful mastery
of which is essential for the instructed Engineer.
The construction and theory of the Polar Planimeter, the Slide
Rule, and the Pantograph are carefully taught, and the student is
trained in the practical use of these appliances for the rapid and
accurate production of estimates and copies from finished drawings.
SHOPS.
The Shop Equipment is throughout of the best quality, the
machines being all from good makers and of sizes ample for the
purposes of instruction. A full outfit of hand tools is maintained
at all times. Each shop is equipped for the instruction of a squad
of sixteen students, this being as large a number as one instructor
can properly direct at once.
The Machine Shop is provided with four first-class engine
lathes, illustrating the practice of the best American makers; with
a planer, a shaper, two drill presses, a universal drilling machine
(Brown and Sharpe), and a universal grinder (same makers); also
with a gas forge for tempering tools, a cut-off saw for metal rods,
an emery wheel, and so on.
The Wood Shop is furnished with several small lathes, a large
pattern maker's lathe, a jointer, a planer, a saw bench for slitting
and cross-cutting, a band-saw, jig-saw, and a wood trimmer for
pattern making.
The Foundry has a cupola furnace for working cast iron, a brass
furnace, a core oven, and all needful accessories for moulding and
casting; the blast for the cupola is furnished by a special blower,
driven by a small high-speed steam engine.
The Forge Room is equipped with Buffalo down-draft forges;
and the necessary smith's tools; the draft is furnished by an engine-driven
blower, and the exhaust is operated by a fan driven also by
the engine.
Shop instruction is given for its educational value. The purpose
of this Department is to train engineers, not artisans; and
the claims of the shops are not permitted to infringe on the truly
vital functions of the laboratories, the drafting rooms, and the lectures.
FIELD INSTRUMENTS.
The outfit of Field Instruments contains compasses, transits, and
levels of various approved makes; a solar transit, furnished also with
stadia wires and gradienter for tachymetric work; hand-levels and
clinometers for railway topography; plane tables; a sextant; together
with an adequate supply of leveling rods, telemeter rods, signal
poles, chains, tapes, pins, and so on. For hydraulic work and hydrographic
surveys a hook gauge and a current meter are provided. All
students are instructed in the theory and adjustments of the field
instruments and in their practical use in the field. They are also
required to make up their field-books in standard forms; to reduce
their surveys and execute all the necessary profiles, plans, and maps;
and to determine lengths, areas, and volumes both from the maps and
from the original notes. Polar planimeters are provided for facilitating
such estimates and a pantograph for making reduced copies
of finished drawings.
ROAD MATERIAL TESTS.
In the Road Material Tests the machines used are mainly those
devised by Dr. Logan Waller Page, director of the United States
office of public roads. For measuring the strength of the stone
cylindrical samples are cut out with a diamond drill and tested under
impact and in a 40,000-pound compression machine. The resistance
to abrasion is measured on fragments of the stone, rotated in heavy
cast iron cylinders mounted on their diagonals. The binding power
of the dust is measured by impact tests on cylindrical briquettes
formed under heavy hydraulic pressure. The dust for these briquettes
is produced in a ball mill fed with a fine stone broken in a small
crusher. This part of the testing outfit has been installed largely
by the generous aid of Dr. Page. Useful experimental researches
on the road-building rocks and gravels of Virginia are carried out
with it each year, as well as class demonstrations of the standard
tests for road materials.
LABORATORY WORK IN STRENGTH OF MATERIALS.
The Sinclair Laboratory for work in Strength of Materials.—
This was founded on the original donation of Mrs. John Sinclair,
of New York City, as a memorial to her late husband. The collection
has since been considerably enlarged. It contains Riehle and
Olsen machines, each of 100,000 pounds capacity, arranged for tensile,
compressive, and transverse tests; an Olsen torsion machine of
50,000 inch pounds capacity; an Olsen compression machine of 40,000
pounds capacity; a Ewing tester for the elasticity of rods; hand machines
for testing rods and wires under pull and small specimens of
timber and cast iron under transverse loads; Fairbanks and Olsen
tests on both long wires and short wires; together with the necessary
accessory apparatus for utilizing these machines.
LABORATORY AND FIELD-WORK IN HYDRAULICS.
The equipment for this work comprises a steel tank for weir
experiments with adjustable bronze notches; a hook gauge for accurate
measurement of surface levels; a cast-iron stand pipe for experiments
on efflux with adjustable bronze orifices; a series of pipes
with bends, elbows, and tees for measuring pipe friction; and the
proper manometers and gauges for reading pressures. For the
field-work the outfit of field instruments has been enlarged by a
current meter of modern construction and a set of hollow copper
ball floats for direct stream velocity measurements.
ENGINE AND BOILER TESTS.
The Steam Engine Tests are made on the high-speed Ball
engine, which operates the shops. This motor has been specially
equipped for the purpose. It receives steam from the main line
through a Sweet separator; humidity determinations are thus made
twice—once by a separating calorimeter before the steam enters
the separator, and again by a throttling calorimeter as it enters the
cylinder. It is fitted with proper indicators, and permanent indicator
rigging so that at any time cards may be taken and the indicated
horse-power determined. In like manner a rope friction brake
is so arranged that it may be at once applied for the determination
of brake horse-power. Connections are so made with a Wheeler
surface condenser that the engine may at will be operated either
condensing or non-condensing. Provisions are made for measuring
the temperatures and the amounts of the condensation water
and the condensed steam produced during the run. With these
data a complete heat balance of the experimental run is attainable.
For Steam Boiler Tests the boilers of the university heating
and lighting plant are available. The department is equipped with
the necessary apparatus—thermometers, gauges, steam calorimeters,
fuel calorimeters, gas analyzers, scales, tanks, and so on. Students
of Mechanical Engineering are taught by practical lessons in the
boiler room the standard methods for boiler trials, and the class
makes each session at least one complete trial.
The Gas Engine Tests are made on an Otto machine of 15
I. H. P. and 12 B. H. P. This is also provided with its friction
brake, indicator rigging, and indicator. The cooling water is run
in from calibrated tanks and provision is made for observing not
only its amount but the initial and final temperatures. Gasoline
bottle, so that the amount consumed is determined. The heating
power is obtained by an independent test with a Rosenhain calorimeter.
Samples of the burnt gases are drawn from the exhaust
pipe and analyzed in an Orsat gas apparatus. With these data,
and the observed numbers of revolutions and explosions, the heat
balance is worked out.
The Refrigerating Tests are made on a Remington Ice Machine
of one ton capacity. This is an ammonia compression machine
driven by an electric motor. Instead of brine, plain water is used,
heated by a steam jet to 100 degrees and then cooled down to 40
degrees by the machine. A run is first made with the pipes empty
in order to determine the friction horse-power. The ammonia is
then turned on and the run is made under load. In both cases the
power consumed is measured both by watt-meter and by am-meter
and volt-meter readings. The tanks are accurately calibrated and
careful measurements of the temperature are made through the
run. Indicator cards are also taken from the ammonia cylinders
and the number of revolutions is registered by counter. With
these data the mechanical and thermodynamic performance of the
machine are figured out.
LABORATORY WORK IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.
The Scott Laboratory of Electrical Engineering.—This laboratory
was initially equipped and endowed by Mrs. Frances Branch Scott,
of Richmond, Va., as a memorial to her late son, an alumnus of
this university. During the year 1910 the equipment was substantially
increased through the generosity of the Hon. Charles M.
Crane, of Chicago, Ill., a friend of the university.
In addition to full sets of electric meters with the appliances
for testing and calibrating them, galvanometers of the best modern
types, standard cells and resistances, standard condensers, and
other pieces of apparatus for minor tests, it contains numerous
pieces of the very best construction. Such are the Wolff Potentiometer,
the Siemens and Halske Thomson Double Bridge, the
Koepsel Permeameter, the Duddell Double Projection Oscillograph,
the Station Photometer with Lummer-Brodhun screen, the Carey-Foster
Bridge and others.
For the work in machine testing there are a number of direct
current generators and motors, series, shunt and compound, an interpole
motor, a double current generator, a two phase alternator, a
General Electric experimental test set for alternating current comprising
a generator furnishing single, two, three, six or twelve phase
current and in addition offering three types of induction motors
repulsion motor, a two phase induction motor, two three phase induction
motors, several pairs of constant voltage transformers, a
constant current transformer, a frequency meter, power factor indicator,
synchronism indicator, ground detector and the auxiliary
apparatus used in testing these machines.
The laboratory has been arranged with a system of universal
plug and receptacle connections to facilitate the setting up of all
experimental combinations.
The laboratory work is carried on in squads or groups of two
or three students and the work is so arranged that each student will
become familiar with all the details and connections of each particular
test. A most important feature of the laboratory instruction is
the required preparation of a preliminary report on each experiment
before the actual test is carried out. These preliminary reports
are written up in the classroom at assigned hours and consist
of a complete résumé of the test under discussion. The object, the
theory, the scheme of connections necessary, the choice of measuring
instruments and all auxiliary devices needful for the proper
performance of the experiment are here worked out and this preliminary
report is handed in for correction or approval. After approval
the test is assigned for a definite laboratory hour and the
work is then carried through. A final report is then handed in
consisting of the preliminary and the additional data in tabulated
and in graphical form. Such a final report comprises a complete
text on any given experiment and will prove of great value in later
work in commercial fields.
It is recognized that the outlined method for laboratory work
is of the greatest benefit to the student inasmuch as it requires a
thorough understanding of each given test, and at the same time inculcates
habits of self-reliance and a spirit of originality which cannot
prove to be other than beneficial in the later work when the
engineer must rely upon his own ingenuity to a great extent.
BUILDINGS.
The buildings devoted wholly or in part to the work of the Department
of Engineering are the following:
The Mechanical Laboratory is the main seat of the instruction
in technical studies. It is 180 by 70 feet and contains on the main
floor the Dean's office and the offices of the three adjunct-professors;
the main lecture room; the laboratory of electrical engineering; and
the drafting room for the First and Second Year students. Above
are a smaller drafting room for advanced students, and blue-print
and photographic rooms. Below on the ground floor are another
classroom, the reading-room, the testing laboratory, the wood shop,
student's lavatory.
The Power House is a single-story building 110 by 40 feet. In
addition to the university boiler plant and the electric lighting plant
this contains the foundry and the forge room. The boiler plant
consists of two horizontal return-tubular boilers, each of 140 horsepower.
The lighting plant consists of three electric generators directly
connected to high-speed engines, the respective capacities
being 25, 50, and 75 kilowatts. The whole plant is available for
purposes of instruction, study and experiment.
The Laboratory of General Chemistry, situated at the southern
end of West Range, is one of the older buildings recently remodelled
and fitted up for the work of instruction in undergraduate chemistry.
It is furnished with all the necessary apparatus and supplies, and is
comfortably heated and lighted. The engineering students, who are
taught in a separate section, have three hours in lecture each week
and six hours in the laboratory. The work is specially adapted to
their needs. The room used for work in Organic Chemistry is at
the northern end of West Range.
The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry is 150 by 60 feet. It
is a single-story building, containing the lecture room, the laboratory
of analytical chemistry, the rooms for assaying, the balance
rooms, the offices and private laboratories of the professor of Industrial
and Analytical Chemistry, and a number of store rooms.
These contain not only the usual laboratory supplies, but an extensive
collection of specimens, illustrating very completely the processes
and products of industrial chemistry, and of especial interest
to engineering students.
The Geological Museum is 120 by 50 feet. It is a three-story
building. The main floor is devoted to the very extensive geological
collection of specimens, charts, relief maps, and so on. The gallery
above contains an equally good collection of minerals and numerous
models of typical crystallographic forms. The upper floor
contains the lecture rooms and the laboratories of Economic
Geology. In the basement are stored subsidiary collections and
new material accumulated in more recent geological surveys.
The Physical Laboratory faces the Mechanical Laboratory on
the opposite side of the quadrangle, and has almost the same proportions.
The main floor contains the lecture room, the professors'
offices, the laboratory of experimental physics, and the store room
for the very large collection of apparatus used in the lectures. On
the ground floor is the laboratory of theoretical electricity, the
storage battery room, a well-equipped shop for the repair and manufacture
of apparatus, and numerous smaller rooms for the work
of graduate students.
CIVIL ENGINEERING.
| Courses | Fall Term | Winter Term | Spring Term | Schedule | |
| Freshman | Mathematics 1 | Trigonometry | Algebra | Analytical Geometry | 9-10 M. W. F. |
| Chemistry 1 | Chemistry | Chemistry | Chemistry | 10-11 T. Th. S. | |
| Chemical Lab. 1 | Chemical Lab. | Chemical Lab. | Chemical Lab. | 12-2 T. Th. S. | |
| Engineering 1 | Practical Geometry | Machine Construction | Plane Surveying | 11-12 T. Th. S. | |
| Drawing 1 | Mechanical Drawing | Machine Drawing | Topographical Drawing | 11-2 M. W. | |
| Shop and Field-wk. | Wood-Shop | Machine-shop | Field-work | 3-6 F. | |
| Sophomore | Mathematics 2 | Conic Sections | Differential Calculus | Integral Calculus | 12-1 M. W. F. |
| Physics 1 | Mechanics, Sound | Heat, Light | Electricity, Magnetism | 11-12 T. Th. S. | |
| Physical Lab. 1 | Physical Lab. | Physical Lab. | Physical Lab. | 9-11 M. W. | |
| Drawing 2 | Graphical Statics | Descriptive Geometry | Structural Drawing | 11-12 M. W. F. | |
| 12-2 T. Th. S. | |||||
| Engineering 2C | Curves and Earthwork | Railways | Highways | 9-10 Th. F. S. | |
| Junior | Mechanics 1 | Statics | Dynamics | Rigid Dynamics | 10-11 M. W. F. |
| Mechanics 2 | Strength of Materials | Hydraulics | Hydraulic Motors | 9-10 M. T. W. | |
| Mechanical Lab. | Tests of Materials | Friction and Lubricants | Hydraulic Lab. | 10-1. S. | |
| Engineering 3C | Masonry | Short-span Bridges | Long-span Bridges | 1-2 Th. F. S. | |
| Field-wk., Drafting | Railway Surveying | Bridge Drafting | Bridge Drafting | 3-6, thrice weekly | |
| Senior | Mechanics 3 | River Hydraulics | Stability of Structures | Secondary Stresses | 10-11 T. Th. S. |
| Geology 1 | Dynamical Geology | Structural Geology | Physiographic Geology | 1-2 M. T. W. | |
| Geological Lab. 1 | Geological Lab. | Geological Lab. | Geological Lab. | 10-1 M. W. | |
| Engineering 4C | Water-works and Sewers | Reinforced Concrete | Thesis | 12-1 Th. F. S. | |
| Engineering 2M | Elementary Steam Eng. | St. Boilers, Power Plants | Thesis | 1-2 Th. F. S. |
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.
| Courses | Fall Term | Winter Term | Spring Term | Schedule | |
| Freshman | Mathematics 1 | Trigonometry | Algebra | Analytical Geometry | 9-10 M. W. F. |
| Chemistry 1 | Chemistry | Chemistry | Chemistry | 10-11 T. Th. S. | |
| Chemical Lab. 1 | Chemical Lab. | Chemical Lab. | Chemical Lab. | 12-2 T. Th. S. | |
| Engineering 1 | Practical Geometry | Machine Construction | Plane Surveying | 11-12 T. Th. S. | |
| Drawing 1 | Mechanical Drawing | Machine Drawing | Topographical Drawing | 11-2 M. W. | |
| Shop & Field-wk. 1 | Wood-Shop | Machine-shop | Field Surveying | 3-6 once a wk. | |
| Sophomore | Mathematics 2 | Conic Sections | Differential Calculus | Integral Calculus | 12-1 M. W. F. |
| Physics 1 | Mechanics, Sound | Heat, Light | Electricity, Magnetism | 11-12 T. Th. S. | |
| Physical Lab. 1 | Physical Lab. | Physical Lab. | Physical Lab. | 9-11 M. W. | |
| Engineering 2M | Elem. Steam Engineering | Boilers, Power Plants | Machine Design | 1-2 Th. F. S. | |
| Drawing 2 | Graphical Statics | Descriptive Geometry | Structural Drawing | 11-12 M. W. F. | |
| 12-2 T. Th. S. | |||||
| Junior | Mechanics 1 | Statics | Dynamics | Rigid Dynamics | 10-11 M. W. F. |
| Mechanics 2 | Strength of Materials | Hydraulics | Hydraulic Motors | 9-10 M. T. W. | |
| Mechanical Lab. | Tests of Materials | Friction and Lubricants | Hydraulic Lab. | 10-1 S. | |
| Engineering 2E | Elementary Elec. Eng. | D. C. Machines | Periodic Currents | 9-10 Th. F. S. | |
| Eng. Lab. 2E | D. C. Laboratory | D. C. Laboratory | D. C. Laboratory | 12-2 M. T. | |
| Eng. Lab. 3M | Advanced Machine Shop | Steam Laboratory | Pattern-making, Fdry., Forge | 3-6 M. W. | |
| Senior | Mechanics 3 | River Hydraulics | Stability of Structures | Secondary Stresses | 10-11 T. Th. S. |
| Engineering 3M | Thermodynamics | Engine Design | Hydraulic Machinery | 9-10 Th. F. S. | |
| Engineering 4M | Kinematics of Machines | Locomotive Engineering | Thesis | 12-1 Th. F. S. | |
| Engineering 3C | Masonry (1-2 Th. F. S.) | Shop-work (3-6 T. Th. S.) | Thesis |
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.
| Courses | Fall Term | Winter Term | Spring Term | Schedule | |
| Freshman | Mathematics 1 | Trigonometry | Algebra | Analytical Geometry | 9-10 M. W. F. |
| Chemistry 1 | Chemistry | Chemistry | Chemistry | 10-11 T. Th. S. | |
| Chemical Lab. 1 | Chemical Lab. | Chemical Lab. | Chemical Lab. | 12-2 T. Th. S. | |
| Engineering 1 | Practical Geometry | Machine Construction | Plane Surveying | 11-12 T. Th. S. | |
| Drawing 1 | Mechanical Drawing | Machine Drawing | Topographical Drawing | 11-1 M. W. | |
| Shop & Field-wk. | Wood-Shop | Machine-shop | Field-work | 3-6 F. | |
| Sophomore | Mathematics 2 | Conic Sections | Differential Calculus | Integral Calculus | 12-1 M. W. F. |
| Physics 1 | Physics | Physics | Physics | 11-12 T. Th. S. | |
| Physical Lab. 1 | Physical Lab. | Physical Lab. | Physical Lab. | 9-11 M. W. | |
| Drawing 2 | Graphical Statics | Descriptive Geometry | Structural Drawing | 11-12 M. W. F. | |
| 12-2 T. Th. S. | |||||
| Engineering 2M | Elem. Steam Engineering | Boilers, Power Plants | Machine Design | 1-2 Th. F. S. | |
| Junior | Mechanics 1 | Statics | Dynamics | Rigid Dynamics | 10-11 M. W. F. |
| Mechanics 2 | Strength of Materials | Hydraulics | Hydraulic Motors | 9-10 M. T. W. | |
| Mechanical Lab. | Tests of Materials | Friction and Lubricants | Hydraulic Lab. | 10-1 S. | |
| Engineering 2E | Elementary Elec. Eng. | D. C. Machines | Periodic Currents | 9-10 Th. F. S. | |
| Eng. Lab. 2E | D. C. Laboratory | D. C. Laboratory | D. C. Laboratory | 12-2 M. T. | |
| Eng. Lab. 3M | Advanced Machine Shop | Steam Laboratory | Pattern-making, Fdry., Forge | 3-6 M. W. | |
| Senior | Mechanics 3 | River Hydraulics | Stability of Structures | Secondary Stresses | 10-11 T. Th. S. |
| Engineering 3E | A. C. Apparatus | A. C. Machines | Electric Power Trans. | 11-12 Th. F. S. | |
| Eng. Lab. 3E | A. C. Laboratory | A. C. Laboratory | A. C. Laboratory | 9-11 M. W. | |
| Engineering 4E | Electric Lighting | Electric Traction | Thesis | 12-1 Th. F. S. | |
| Eng. Lab. 4E | Photometric Lab. | A. C. Motor Lab. | Thesis | 11-2 W. | |
| Physics 2 | Advanced Electricity | Advanced Electricity | Thesis | 1-2 T. Th. S. | |
| Physical Lab. 2 | Physical Lab. | Physical Lab. | Thesis | 3-5 T. Th. |
MINING ENGINEERING.
| Courses | Fall Term | Winter Term | Spring Term | Schedule | |
| Freshman | Mathematics 1 | Trigonometry | Algebra | Analytical Geometry | 9-10 M. W. F. |
| Chemistry 1 | Chemistry | Chemistry | Chemistry | 10-11 T. Th. S. | |
| Chemical Lab. 1 | Chemical Lab. | Chemical Lab. | Chemical Lab. | 12-2 T. Th. S. | |
| Engineering 1 | Practical Geometry | Machine Construction | Plane Surveying | 11-12 T. Th. S. | |
| Drawing 1 | Mechanical Drawing | Machine Drawing | Topographical Drawing | 11-2 M. W. | |
| Shop and Field-wk. | Wood-Shop | Machine-shop | Field-work | 3-6 F | |
| Sophomore | Mathematics 2 | Conic Sections | Differential Calculus | Integral Calculus | 12-1 M. W. F. |
| Physics 1 | Mechanics, Sound | Heat, Light | Electricity, Magnetism | 11-12 T. Th. S. | |
| Physical Lab. 1 | Physical Lab. | Physical Lab. | Physical Lab. | 9-11 M. W. | |
| Drawing 2 | Graphical Statics | Descriptive Geometry | Structural Drawing | 11-12 M. W. F. | |
| 12-2 T. Th. S. | |||||
| Engineering 2M | Elem. Steam Engineering | Boilers, Power Plants | Machine Design | 1-2 Th. F. S. | |
| Junior | Mechanics 1 | Statics | Dynamics | Rigid Dynamics | 10-11 M. W. F. |
| Geology 1 | Dynamical Geology | Structural Geology | Physiographic Geology | 1-2 M. T. W. | |
| Mechanical Lab. | Tests of Materials | Friction and Lubricants | Hydraulic Lab. | 10-1 S. | |
| Engineering 2E | Elementary Elec. Eng. | D. C. Machines | Periodic Currents | 9-10 Th. F. S. | |
| Eng. Lab. 2E | D. C. Laboratory | D. C. Laboratory | D. C. Laboratory | 12-2 M. T. | |
| Indl. Chem. | Indl. Chemistry | Indl. Chemistry | Indl. Chemistry | 3-4 M. W. F. 12T | |
| Senior | Anal. Chem. 1 | Anal. Chemistry | Anal. Chemistry | Anal. Chemistry | 10-11 T. Th. S. |
| Anal. Chem. Lab. | Anal. Chem. Lab. | Anal. Chem. Lab. | Anal. Chem. Lab. | By appointment | |
| Mechanics 2 | Strength of Materials | Hydraulics | Hydraulic Motors | 9-10 M. T. W. | |
| Geology 2 | Economic Geology | Economic Geology | Economic Geology | 12-1 M. T. W. | |
| Geological Lab. 2 | Geol. Laboratory | Geol. Laboratory | Geol. Laboratory | By appointment | |
| Mining | Exploitation of Mines | Mining Machinery | Electricity in Mining | 9-10 Th. F. S. |
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING.
| Courses | Fall Term | Winter Term | Spring Term | Schedule | |
| Freshman | Mathematics 1 | Trigonometry | Algebra | Analytical Geometry | 9-10 M. W. F. |
| Chemistry 1 | Chemistry | Chemistry | Chemistry | 10-11 T. Th. S. | |
| Chemical Lab. 1 | Chemical Lab. 1 | Chemical Lab. 1 | Chemical Lab. 1 | 12-2 T. Th. S. | |
| Engineering 1 | Practical Geometry | Machine Construction | Plane Surveying | 11-12 T. Th. S. | |
| Drawing 1 | Mechanical Drawing | Machine Drawing | Topographical Drawing | 11-2 M. W. | |
| Shop & Field-wk. | Wood-Shop | Machine-shop | Field-work | 3-6 F. | |
| Sophomore | Mathematics 2 | Conic Sections | Differential Calculus | Integral Calculus | 12-1 M. W. F. |
| Physics 1 | Mechanics, Sound | Heat, Light | Electricity, Magnetism | 11-12 T. Th. S. | |
| Physical Lab. 1 | Physical Lab. | Physical Lab. | Physical Lab | 9-11 M. W. | |
| Drawing 2 | Graphical Statics | Descriptive Geometry | Structural Drawing | 11-12 M. W. F. | |
| 12-2 T. Th. S. | |||||
| Engineering 2M | Elem. Steam Engineering | Boilers, Power Plants | Machine Design | 1-2 Th. F. S. | |
| Junior | Mechanics | Statics and Dynamics | Hydraulics | Hydraulic Motors | 10-11 M. W. F. |
| Anal. Chem. 1 | Anal. Chemistry | Anal. Chemistry | Anal. Chemistry | 10-11 T. Th. S. | |
| Indl. Chem. | Indl. Chemistry | Indl. Chemistry | Indl. Chemistry | 3-4 M. W. F. | |
| Anal. Chem. Lab. | Anal. Chem. Lab. 1 | Anal. Chem. Lab. 1 | Anal. Chem. Lab. 1 | By appointment | |
| Engineering 2E | Elementary Elec. Eng. | D. C. Machines | Periodic Currents | 9-10 Th. F. S. | |
| Eng. Lab. 2E | D. C. Laboratory | D. C. Laboratory | D. C. Laboratory | 12-2 M. T. | |
| Senior | Anal. Chem. 2 | Anal. Chemistry | Anal. Chemistry | Anal. Chemistry | 10-11 M. W. F. |
| Anal. Chem. Lab. | Anal. Chem. Lab. 2 | Anal. Chem. Lab. 2 | Anal. Chem. Lab. 2 | By appointment | |
| Chemistry 2 | Org. and Phys. Chem. | Org. and Phys. Chem. | Org. and Phys. Chem. | 9-10 T. Th. S. | |
| Chemical Lab. 2 | Chemical Lab. 2 | Chemical Lab. 2 | Chemical Lab. 2 | 3-5 T. Th. S. | |
| Chemistry 3 | Inorganic Chem. | Inorganic Chem. | Inorganic Chem. | 12-1 T. Th. S. | |
| Chemical Lab. 3 | Chemical Lab. 3 | Chemical Lab. 3 | Chemical Lab. 3 | By appointment | |
| Geology 1 | Dynamical Geology | Structural Geology | Physiographic Geology | 1-2 M. T. W. | |
| Geological Lab. 1 | Geological Lab. | Geological Lab. | Geological Lab. | 11-1 M. W. |
| University of Virginia record February, 1912 | |