 | University of Virginia record February, 1911 |  |
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING.
| EDWIN ANDERSON ALDERMAN, D. C. L., LL. D. | President |
| WILLIAM MYNN THORNTON, LL. D. | Dean |
| FRANCIS HENRY SMITH, M. A., LL. D., | Emeritus Professor of Natural Philosophy |
| JOHN WILLIAM MALLET, M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., F. R. S., | Emeritus Professor of General and Industrial Chemistry |
| WILLIAM MYNN THORNTON, LL. D., | Professor of Applied Mathematics |
| FRANCIS PERRY DUNNINGTON, B. S., C. E., | Professor of Analytical and Industrial Chemistry |
| WILLIAM HOLDING ECHOLS, B. S., C. E., | Professor of Pure Mathematics |
| JAMES MORRIS PAGE, M. A., Ph. D., | Professor of Pure Mathematics |
| ROBERT MONTGOMERY BIRD, B. S., Ph. D., | Collegiate Professor of Chemistry |
| THOMAS LEONARD WATSON, Ph. D. | Professor of Economic Geology |
| JOSEPH HOEING KASTLE, M. S., Ph. D. | Professor of Chemistry |
| JOHN LLOYD NEWCOMB, B. A., C. E. | Professor of Civil Engineering |
| LLEWELLYN GRIFFITH HOXTON, B. S., M. A., | Associate Professor of Physics |
| CHARLES HANCOCK, B. S., | Adjunct Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Drawing |
| WALTER SHELDON RODMAN, B. S., M. S., | Adjunct Professor of Electrical Engineering |
| DAVID VANCE GUTHRIE, M. A., Ph. D., | Adjunct Professor of Physics |
| GRAHAM EDGAR, B. S., Ph. D. | Adjunct Professor of Chemistry |
| EDWARD STAPLES SMITH, M. E. | Instructor in Mathematics |
| ROBERT EDWARD BEARD | Instructor in Mathematics |
| ANGUS BLAKEY ECHOLS | Instructor in Mathematics |
| LEVI THOMAS WILSON, M. A. | Instructor in Mathematics |
| WILLIAM NEWTON NEFF, M. A. | Instructor in Physics |
| JOHN WILBUR WATSON | Instructor in Chemistry |
| LESTER PATTON | Instructor in Chemistry |
| DANIEL PERKINS WOODSON, JR., | Instructor in Analytical Chemistry |
| STEPHEN TABER, B. A. | Instructor in Geology |
| JOHN MORIN GALLALEE | Instructor in Drawing |
| RUSSELL LANDRAM HADEN | Assistant in Chemistry |
| JOSEPH GRAY DINWIDDIE | Assistant in Chemistry |
| WARNER THROCKMORTON TABB | Assistant in Mechanics |
| HENRY BOYD ANDREWS | Assistant in Field-Work |
| STERLING HENRY DIGGS | Assistant in Physics |
| LAWRENCE FONTAINE TUCKER | Assistant in Field-Work |
| FRANK NELSON LEWIS | Assistant in Shop-Work |
| ZACH LEWIS | Assistant in Shop-Work |
| LUCIEN CARR | Assistant in Electrical Engineering |
ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS.
For admission to the regular Freshman Class in the Department
of Engineering the candidate must be at least sixteen years old. He
must present a certificate of honorable withdrawal from the school
last attended, or other valid proof of general good character. And he
must satisfy the Dean of the University as to his adequate preparation
for the work by passing the Entrance Examinations specified below or
by the presentation of equivalent certificates of preparation signed by
the President of a recognized institution of collegiate rank, or by the
Principal of an accredited high school. The topics required for entrance
and their values in units are as follows:
| English A.—Grammar and Grammatical Analysis | 1 |
| English B.—Composition and Rhetoric | 1 |
| English C.—Critical Study of Specimens of Literature | 1 |
| Mathematics A.—Algebra to Quadratics. | 1 |
| Mathematics B.—Quadratics, Progressions, Binomial Formula | ½ |
| Mathematics C.—Plane Geometry | 1 |
| Mathematics D1.—Solid Geometry | ½ |
| Mathematics D2.—Plane Trigonometry | ½ |
| History.—Ancient; Mediæval; English; American (any one) | 1 |
| Electives | 6½ |
| Total | 14 |
The candidate is recommended to include among his electives Physical
Geography, Chemistry, Physics, Mechanical Drawing, and Shop-work
(valued at one unit each). Other electives which may be offered are
History (3 units), Latin (4 units), German (2 units), French (2 units),
Spanish (2 units), Botany (half unit), Zoölogy (half unit).
COURSES OF INSTRUCTION.
The candidate who has satisfied the requirements for entrance as
above defined is matriculated as a student of Engineering and admitted
to the regular Freshman Class. The studies of this class comprise
lecture-courses in Mathematics 1, Chemistry 1, Engineering 1, with
associated laboratory courses in Chemistry, Drawing, Shop-work and
Field-work.
For advancement to the Sophomore Class the student must have
completed at least two thirds of his Freshman work. Upon entering
this class he elects his specialty. The courses thereafter diverge according
as the student is an applicant for a degree in Civil, Mechanical,
Electrical, Mining, or Chemical Engineering. Programmes of study
for each degree are given below.
The courses are so ordered that the specified entrance requirements
are adequate for the work of the Freshman Year. Each succeeding year
presupposes the completion of the work for all the foregoing years.
Students are advised to adhere strictly to the regular programmes.
The arrangements specified in them have been carefully planned and are
the best. Departures from the curriculum will in almost every case
produce conflicts in lecture hours or laboratory periods and may cost
the student a year's time. Haphazard election is discouraged and in
extreme cases will be prohibited. No student will be registered for a
course unless in the opinion both of the Dean and of the professor his
preliminary training has fitted him for the profitable pursuit of that
course.
Students are especially advised against the attempt to crowd too
many studies into their scheme of work, and are warned that admission
to advanced courses will be granted only to those who have adequate
mathematical and scientific training to profit by them. Men overloaded
with work, too great in volume or in difficulty for their powers, suffer
inevitable discouragement and incur almost certain failure.
Every candidate for a degree in Engineering will be required at the
beginning of his graduating year to submit to the Dean some subject
for independent study suited to the student's especial course and aims.
After such subject has been approved by the Dean and the Professor
in charge, the student will be expected to carry out for himself the
necessary literary and laboratory researches and to present his results
in the form of a Graduating Thesis. Such thesis must be typewritten
on standard sheets, 8 by 10½ inches, bound in a proper cover, and
handed in for final approval not later than May 25th. All necessary
computations and drawings must accompany the thesis. Serious weight
will be given to this work in estimating the student's fitness for graduation.
MATHEMATICS.
Mathematics 1. [Page.]
In Trigonometry, a complete course in Plane and Spherical Trigonometry
is pursued with constant drill in the solution of problems, and
exercises in the use of logarithms.
In Algebra, the work begins with the Progressions and proceeds with
the study of the Binomial Formula, Convergence and Divergence of
Series. The study of Inequalities and Determinants prepares for the
Theory of Equations with which the course is closed.
In elementary Analytical Geometry the study of Cartesian and
Polar Coördinates is followed by numerous exercises on the graphical
representation of equations. Special attention is given to the straight
line and the representation of the general equation of the first degree
in two variables. The course is intended to prepare for the fuller
study of the Analytical Geometry of the conic sections. Lectures, 9-10,
Monday, Wednesday, Friday.
Mathematics 2. [Echols].
The subject matter of this course consists of the Analytical Geometry
of the Conic Sections beginning with the circle; Differential Calculus;
Integral Calculus. It is expected to conclude the work in Analytical
Geometry early in November and then to take up the Differential Calculus
which is discussed until the March examinations. The last term of the
session is devoted exclusively to the Integral Calculus. Applicants for
advanced standing must pass a written examination on the topics of
Mathematics 1. Lectures, 12-1, Monday, Wednesday, Friday.
PHYSICS.
Physics 1. [Hoxton].
General Physics.—This course includes Elementary Mechanics, Sound,
Light, Heat, Electricity and Magnetism. Instruction is given by textbooks
and lectures accompanied by experimental demonstrations. In
addition, recitations, solution of illustrative problems, and written reports
upon quantitative laboratory work done by the student are required.
Lectures, 11-12, Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday. Laboratory, 9-11, Monday,
Wednesday.
Physics 2. [Hoxton].
Electricity and Magnetism.—The elements of the Mathematical
theory are developed, free use being made of the methods of the calculus.
The lectures begin, however, with fundamental principles of the subject.
Laboratory work more advanced than that in Physics 1 will be required,
occupying the student from four to six hours a week, and calling for the
more exact measurement of the chief physical quantities concerned.
Lectures, 1-2, Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday. Laboratory, 3-5, Tuesday,
Thursday.
CHEMISTRY.
Chemistry 1. [Bird].
This class meets three times a week for lectures and works six
hours a week in the laboratory. It studies the fundamental principles of
of the time to the significant phenomena of Inorganic Chemistry. At
appropriate places the foundations of Analytical Chemistry are taught
and such special exercises are given as will emphasize the more important
chemical properties of the structural materials of Engineering, fuels, and
so on. No previous study of Chemistry is demanded; but to students,
who have received preliminary instruction in a chemical laboratory, the
exercises assigned are of a somewhat more advanced type. Lectures, 10-11,
Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday. Laboratory, 12-2, Tuesday, Thursday,
Saturday.
Chemistry 2. [Kastle and Edgar].
This course consists of two divisions: Part I in Organic Chemistry:
Part II in Physical Chemistry. The class meets three times a week for
lectures and works six hours a week in the laboratory. For Part II no
knowledge of the Calculus is required. Lectures, 9-10, Tuesday, Thursday,
Saturday. Laboratory, 3-5, Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday.
Chemistry 3. [Bird].
This is a course in Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. There are three
lectures a week and at least nine hours a week must be devoted to
laboratory studies. Hours by appointment.
Analytical Chemistry 1. [Dunnington].
This course consists of three lessons a week throughout the session,
after each of which the students spend three or four hours in practical
experiments in the Laboratory. A course in Chemical Manipulation is
first given, then Blowpipe Analysis, Recognition of Ores, Fire Assaying
of Ores of Lead, Gold, and Silver, and a systematic course in Inorganic
Qualitative Analysis, followed by practice in the analysis of salts, alloys,
and ores, and the examination of potable water, coal, limestone, clay, and
so on, including some simpler quantitative determinations. Weekly written
exercises are required. Lectures, 10-11, Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday.
Analytical Chemistry 2. [Dunnington].
The work of this course is also given in three lessons a week throughout
the session, each being followed by four hours or more of practical
laboratory work. This course is primarily one in Quantitative Analysis.
After some training in manipulation and gravimetric estimations, the
class pursues volumetric estimations and a full course in Quantitative
Analysis of minerals, ores, coal, soil, iron and steel, technical products,
and so on. Weekly written exercises are required. As the student advances
in the course he is encouraged to undertake original research and
assist in its prosecution; and in determining his fitness for graduation,
work of this kind is considered as having much weight. Lectures, 10-11,
Monday, Wednesday, Friday.
The laboratory is open to students six days in the week, during
all the working hours of the day.
Industrial Chemistry. [Dunnington].
This course is concerned with the applications of chemistry to the
purposes of human life. It examines in detail the chemical principles
and processes specially involved in the more important arts and manufactures;
as for example the Metallurgy of iron, steel, copper, and all
the important metals: the Manufacture of limes, cements, mortars, and
other building materials: the Chemistry of explosives, lubricants, paints,
and other preservatives. Exercises in chemical computations are regularly
required. Lectures, 3-4, Monday, Wednesday, Friday; 12, Tuesday.
The collections of the University in illustration of the processes
and products of Industrial Chemistry have been procured at much
expense and pains in this country, England, France, and Germany,
and are extensive and good; among the best on this side of the Atlantic.
GEOLOGY.
Geology 1. [Watson].
General Geology.—A course of three lectures a week and nine additional
hours a week for laboratory and field work, and private study,
throughout the year. The divisions of Dynamical, Structural, and Physiographical
Geology are covered in considerable detail. Special emphasis
is given to the study of common rock-forming minerals and rocks, building
stones and ores. Lectures, 1-2, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday. Laboratory,
10-1, Monday, Wednesday.
Geology 2. [Watson].
Economic Geology.—This course is designed to give a general but
comprehensive account of the origin, nature, distribution and uses of the
metallic and non-metallic products of the earth with especial reference
to those of the United States. Lectures, collateral reading, laboratory
and field work to the amount of twelve hours a week throughout the
year. Lectures, 12-1, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday. Laboratory by appointment.
MINING.
Mining Engineering. [Thornton].
Exploitation of Mines.—Lectures on the principles to be observed
in prospecting; on the work of opening the mine by shaft or adit
tunnel; on the layout of the underground workings and the extraction
of the mineral; on timbering the excavation; on lighting the mine; on
mine explosions and other accidents; on mine surveys, maps, and plans;
practical exercises solved by the student in nocturnal surveying and on
the computations and drawings of the Mining Engineer.
Mining Machinery.—Lectures on the central power plant for mining
undertakings; on the theory and operation of power transmission
lines; on the machinery for haulage, hoisting, drainage, and ventilation;
on the methods and machinery used in hydraulic mining; and on the
machinery for quarrying and ore dressing. The lectures are paralleled
by a series of practical exercises in which the student makes independent
estimates on the mechanical equipment of a projected mine or reports
on the operation and outfit of some actual mine inspected by him.
Electricity in Mining.—Lectures on the installation of electric lines
for light and for power in mines; on the special types of generators
and motors suitable for mines; on electric locomotives and haulage;
on electrically driven hoists, pumps, and fans; on electric coal cutters;
on electric lights for mines; and on electric methods of signaling. Practical
exercises in electric computations for mine installations. Lectures,
9-10. Thursday, Friday, Saturday.
MECHANICS.
Theoretical Mechanics 1. [Thornton].
The systematic study of Theoretical Mechanics offered in this course
presupposes the completion of courses equivalent to Mathematics 1 and 2
and Physics 1. The topics treated in the successive terms are as follows:
Fall Term.—Statics of the material particle and of solid bodies.
Winter Term.—Dynamics of the particle; elementary treatment of the
dynamics of the rigid body.
Spring Term.—Hydrostatics, and Theoretical and Practical Hydraulics.
Free use is made of the calculus, and no student will be admitted to
the class, who has not a good working knowledge of this branch of pure
mathematics. Especial attention is given to the mechanical problems
which arise in engineering practice. Lectures, 10-11, Monday, Wednesday,
Friday.
Theoretical Mechanics 2. [Thornton].
For admission to this more advanced course in Analytical Mechanics
the completion of Theoretical Mechanics 1 or an equivalent is required.
The work is distributed as follows:
Fall Term.—Analytical Statics, including the Theory of Attractions
and the Potential.
Winter Term.—Dynamics of the Particle and of Systems of Particles.
Spring Term.—Dynamics of the Rigid Body. Balancing of Machines.
Lectures. 10-11, Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday.
Applied Mechanics. [Thornton].
This course includes the divisions of Applied Mechanics most important
for the equipment of the engineer. The subjects treated are as follows:
Fall Term.—Strength of Materials, with applications to the analysis
and design of the elements of structures and machines.
Winter Term.—Stability of Structures; retaining walls and reservoir
dams, continuous girders and swing bridges, cables for aörial transmission
lines and suspension bridges, and elastic ribs of steel, and arches of
masonry and reinforced concrete.
Spring Term.—Hydraulic Motors and Pumps; the dynamic action of
streams of water, the theory and design of water wheels and turbines, the
principles of construction and operation of centrifugal pumps and turbine
pumps; and the methods of hydraulic power transmission.
The course is arranged so that it may be taken parallel with
Theoretical Mechanics 1. Lectures, 9-10, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday.
Mechanical Laboratory. [Thornton and Hancock].
In this course the student verifies in the laboratory the more important
data and conclusions of the theoretical courses. The work is
divided as below:
Fall Term.—Testing the Materials of Construction; including tensile
and compressive tests of wires, rods, and bars for strength and elasticity;
transverse tests of timber and cast iron; torsional tests of metals; and
tensile and compressive tests of cements and mortars, stones and bricks
and concrete.
Winter Term.—Friction and Lubricants; including experiments on
sliding friction, journal friction and belt friction; on the viscosity and
density of lubricants; and on the friction of machines.
Spring Term.—Hydraulic Laboratory; including measurements of
efflux from orifices and weir notches, the experimental study of pipe
friction, and the determination of the specific gravities of the materials of
engineering. Practical exercises in stream gauging are also required.
Hours, 10-1, Saturday.
DRAWING.
Systematic instruction in engineering drawing is given through the
Freshman and Sophomore years. The student is carefully trained in the
technique of good draftsmanship. Especial attention is paid to lettering.
The importance of neatness, accuracy, clearness and completeness is constantly
impressed upon the student's mind. Frequent exercises in tracing
and blue printing are required. As the student advances in the course he
means of representation, but as an instrument of research both in Geometry
and in Mechanics. To the Junior and Senior students are assigned by
their respective professors such further drawings as are needed for the
full development of the courses of instruction.
Drawing 1. [Thornton and Hancock].
The work is distributed over the several terms as follows, one finished
plate 15″ × 20″ being required of the student each week. The theoretical
instruction in the subjects of this course is given in connection with the
work of Engineering 1. The practical teaching is given at the drawing
board. Hours, 11-2, Monday, Wednesday.
Fall Term.—Mechanical Drawing; embraces careful training in
technique, assiduous practice in lettering, and the graphical solution in
the weekly plates of a series of carefully selected problems in practical
plane and solid geometry, and in graphical algebra and trigonometry.
Winter Term.—Machine Drawing.—Carefully constructed and finished
plates consisting of detailed working drawings of machine parts. The
drawings are made, in part, from free-hand sketches from the machine
itself, and, in part, from designs and specifications worked out by the
student in the class in Machine Construction.
Spring Term.—Topographical Drawing.—This course consists of nine
hours per week in the drawing-room throughout the Spring Term of the
Freshman year, and is devoted to the study of the conventional signs employed
in making topographical maps. Each student is required to make
a number of plates, and to become reasonably proficient in the preparation
of such maps. Particular attention is given to the study of contour maps,
and the solution of problems relating thereto.
Drawing 2. [Thornton and Gallalee].
This course requires each week three hours of lecture work and nine
of study and practice, of which six are in the drawing-room under the
tuition of the instructor. The distribution of topics is as below: Hours,
12-2, Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday. Lectures, 11-12, Monday, Wednesday,
Friday.
Fall Term.—Graphical Statics.—The necessary preparation is such
knowledge of experimental mechanics as is given in Physics 1. The theory
and use of graphical methods in mechanics are carefully taught and
illustrated by means of problems in the composition and resolution of
velocities and accelerations, and of forces and moments. Applications
follow to the determination by graphical methods of centers of gravity and
moments of inertia, to the construction of stress sheets for the simpler
forms of roof trusses and bridges, to the study of the stability of reservoir
dams and retaining walls, and to the calculation of internal stress in
girders and shafts.
Winter Term.—Descriptive Geometry.—The required preparation is
given by Drawing 1. The fundamental problems on the point, line, and
plane are carefully studied, with applications to the construction of
shadows on polyedra and to the graphical statics of force systems in three
dimensions. The projections, tangencies, sections, and intersections of
curved surfaces are then taken up, with applications to the determination
of shades and shadows on such surfaces. The course concludes with an
elementary theory of linear perspective.
Spring Term.—Structural Drawing.—The methods of Graphical Statics
and Descriptive Geometry are applied to the design and analysis of a
series of simple structures in masonry, timber, steel, concrete, and so on.
Incidental instruction is given in the elements of stereotomy, the construction
of joints in carpentry, and the analysis of simple types of roofs
and bridges.
ENGINEERING.
Engineering 1.
This course is designed to furnish to the beginner in engineering
studies training in those preliminary disciplines, which form a necessary
part of his equipment, whatever the specialty which he may later elect.
The work is distributed as follows: Hours, 11-12, Tuesday, Thursday,
Saturday.
Fall Term.—Practical Geometry. [Thornton].—This course presupposes
good high-school training in plane and solid geometry and in the
rudiments of plane trigonometry. It embraces a review and extension of
the fundamental problems of plane geometry with applications to the mensuration
of rectilinear and curvilinear figures; an elementary study of the
conic sections and of the methods of constructing these curves; the
orthographic projection of polyedra and of the three round bodies in erect
and in oblique positions; the mensuration of solids and Simpson's rule;
the graphical solution of equations, both algebraic and transcendental;
and the theory and use of the Polar Planimeter.
Winter Term.—Machine Construction. [Hancock].—Elementary
study and analysis of machine parts, such as riveted joints, bolts, nuts,
keys, and cotters; journals, shafting, couplings, and bearings; pedestals,
brackets and hangers; belt and rope transmissions; friction and toothed
gearing and tooth forms; pistons and piston rings, stuffing boxes and
packing. Weekly problems and designs for private practice.
Spring Term.—Plane Surveying. [Newcomb].—Lectures on the theory,
uses, and adjustments of the Compass, Level, Transit, and Stadia; the
Computations of Surveying; the methods and proper conduct of Land,
Mine, City, Topographic, and Hydrographic Surveys. Practical class exercises
students throughout the entire course.
The following courses in engineering practice are given in parallel
with the lectures:
Wood Shop.—Exercises at the bench in sawing, planing, boring, chiseling,
and tool sharpening; lathe work in turning between centers and on the
face plate; practice at the machine tools in the construction of some
simple though useful article. Hours, 3-6, Friday.
Machine Shop.—Bench exercises in chipping and filing; engine lathe
turning, boring, outside and inside thread cutting; drilling, planing, and
milling. Hours, 3-6, Friday.
Field Surveying.—The student is required to spend three afternoons
a week throughout the Spring Term in Field Surveying and Plotting. He
is taught the use of the Chain, Tape, Compass, Level, Transit, Stadia, and
Plane Table. The work in the drawing-room consists in making Computations,
Scale Drawings, Profiles, and Contour Maps from notes taken in
the field. Hours, 3-6, thrice a week.
CIVIL ENGINEERING.
Engineering 2C. [Newcomb].
Curves and Earthwork.—Lectures on Simple, Compound, Transition
and Vertical Curves; the form of Excavations and Embankments, Earthwork
Surveys, Computation of Volumes, Formation of Embankments,
Computation of Haul, Cost of Earthwork, Blasting. Practical exercises
in Map Drawing and Topography.
Railway Engineering.—Lectures on Reconnoissance and Preliminary
Surveys, Office Location, Field Location; the construction, maintenance
and operation of Railroads. Special attention is given to questions of
Economics which arise in the location, construction, and operation of
Railroads.
Roads, Streets, and Street Railways.—Lectures on the Principles of
Road Location; the Construction and Maintenance of Earth Roads, Broken
Stone Roads, Gravel Roads; the pavements for City Streets and Sidewalks;
the Location and Construction of Street Railways. Laboratory
tests for Road Materials. Hours, 9-10, Thursday, Friday, Saturday.
Engineering 3C. [Newcomb].
Masonry Construction.—Lectures on the Materials of Construction;
Foundations; the design and construction of Dams, Retaining Walls, Bridge
Piers and Abutments, Culverts, Arches; the Theory of Reinforced Concrete;
Structures. Practical exercises in the design of Masonry Structures and
Structural Drawing.
Short Span Bridges.—Lectures on the design and construction of
standard types of Steel and Timber Bridges. Each student makes a complete
bridge design with all necessary computations and drawings.
Long Span Bridges.—Lectures on the design and construction of the
more intricate Simple Trusses, Cantilever Bridges, Steel Arches, Continuous
Girders, and Swing Bridges. Each student is required to work out stress
sheets and general drawings for specified types of long span Bridges. Hours,
1-2, Thursday, Friday, Saturday.
Railroad Field-Work and Drawing.—This course supplements the
course on Curves and Earthwork, and extends three afternoons a week
throughout the Fall Term of the Junior year. The class is divided into
squads, each squad making complete Surveys, Maps, Profiles, and Estimates
for a mile of located line.
During the Winter and Spring Terms the time of the student is
devoted to Bridge Drafting. Hours, 3-6, thrice weekly.
Engineering 4C. [Newcomb].
Water Works and Sewers.—Lectures on the quality, sources, collection,
conveyance, purification, and distribution of City Water Supplies; the
laws of flow in pipe lines and aqueducts; the drainage of houses and
streets; the collection and conveyance of sewage; the disposal of sewage;
the construction and maintenance of works. Practical exercises in the
design of pipe lines and sewers.
Reinforced Concrete.—This course supplements the course on
Masonry Construction, and extends throughout the Winter Term of the
Senior year. Lectures on the Theory of Reinforced Concrete, the Design
and Construction of selected types of Reinforced Concrete structures.
Practical exercises in the design of Reinforced Concrete structures, and
Structural Drawing. Hours, 12-1, Thursday, Friday, Saturday.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.
Engineering 2M. [Hancock].
Machine Design.—Straining actions in machine elements; friction,
lubrication, and efficiency; riveted fastenings, screws and screw fastenings;
keys, cotters, and force fits; axles, shafting, and couplings, journals and
bearings; belt and rope transmissions; toothed gearing, spur, and bevel
wheels. Problems for private solution involving analysis and design of
machine elements are assigned each week.
Elementary Steam Engineering.—Descriptive and experimental study
of steam and gasoline engines, steam turbines, condensers, and feed-water
heaters, feed pumps and injectors; their operation and care. The properties
of steam; the steam engine indicator, calorimeters, and separators. Engine
testing and the computation of power and efficiency. Weekly problems for
private solution. For illustration and practice free use is made of the
steam equipment of the laboratory and of the university power plant.
Steam Boilers and Power Plants.—Types of power boilers and superheaters;
choice of type for specific service; fuels, combustion, corrosion,
and incrustation; furnaces, settings, and boiler rating. Choice and arrangement
of apparatus for small steam power plants; piping plans, and estimates
of cost. Weekly problems and designs. Hours, 1-2, Thursday,
Friday, Saturday.
Engineering 3M. [Hancock].
Thermodynamics of Heat Engines.—Thermodynamic theory of steam
and gas engines and steam turbines. Laboratory tests for steam consumption
and thermal efficiency. Weekly problems for private solution.
Engine Design.—Straining actions in and design of engine parts;
valves, valve gears, nozzles, vanes, and governors; balancing. Weekly
problems and designs.
Hydraulic Machinery.—Pressure machines, hydraulic transmissions,
reciprocating pumps, turbines, and centrifugal pumps; hydraulic power
plants. Weekly problems and designs. Hours, 9-10, Thursday, Friday,
Saturday.
Engineering 4M. [Hancock].
Kinematics of Machines.—Plane, spheric, and screw motions; quadric-and
slider-crank chains; cams, ratchets, escapements, toothed gears, et
cetera. Weekly problems for graphical solution.
Locomotive Engineering.—Locomotive furnaces and boilers; forced
draft; valves and valve gears; inertia effects on moving parts, their
strength and design; balancing, tractive force, hauling capacity, efficiency,
and economy. Weekly problems and designs. Hours, 12-1, Thursday,
Friday, Saturday.
In addition to the instruction in the principles of Mechanical Engineering
gained from the lectures and the demonstrations in the laboratory
connected with them, the student learns much from the courses in engineering
practice outlined below. In these he solves for himself under the
personal criticism and guidance of competent instructors all the fundamental
problems in the practical duties of the mechanical engineer.
Advanced Machine Shop.—Bench and machine-tool work in the construction
of articles of commercial value. Fall Term of the Junior year,
and Winter Term of the Senior year; hours, 3-6, thrice weekly.
Pattern Making, Foundry and Forge Shop.—Simple solid and split
patterns and core boxes; core making, moulding, and casting; exercises in
forging iron and steel; forging and tempering center punches, cold chisels,
lathe, and planer tools. Spring Term of the Junior year. Hours, 3-6,
twice weekly.
Steam Laboratory.—Practice at the Lighting and Power Plant in the
operation and care of boilers, engines, generators, pumps, feed-water
heaters, et cetera; in the steam laboratory with steam and gasoline engines,
condensers, calorimeters, separators, indicators; steam fitting and testing
steam lines. Winter Term of the Junior year. Hours, 3-6, twice weekly.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.
Engineering 2E. [Rodman].
The work of the Fall Term is devoted to the study of the Elements
of Electrical Engineering as comprised in the fundamental principles of
electrical measurements and of electric and magnetic circuits.
Especial attention is given to the fundamental laws of Ohm and
Kirchhoff with practical exemplifications in numerous assigned problems.
The latter part of the term's work is introductory to the detailed study of
direct current dynamo machinery.
The laboratory course paralleling the lectures is devoted to the
methods of using electrical measuring devices and to the more elementary
tests of the characteristics of electric and magnetic circuits.
The Winter Term is devoted to a detailed study of the theory, construction,
characteristics and operation of Direct Current Generators and
Motors and the accessory apparatus required for their proper management
and control. The latter part of the term's work is concerned with
the theory, construction and operation of Storage Batteries of approved
modern types. Problem work illustrating the methods of calculation
involved in direct current circuits and practical examples from standard
engineering practice form an important adjunct to the lectures.
The parallel laboratory course is concerned with the experimental
determination of the complete characteristics, the efficiency and the
temperature conditions which are manifested in the practical operation of
direct current dynamo machinery and storage batteries.
The Spring Term is given to the study of Periodic Currents. A careful
study is made of circuits and their characteristics when resistance,
inductance and capacity are present in all their possible combinations.
and complex circuits. Free use is made of vector and symbolic notation
and graphical solutions, while especial attention is given to the standard
methods of nomenclature by means of which otherwise confusing effects
may be clearly elucidated.
The physical conceptions are kept always prominently in view and
the value of mathematics as a tool is emphasized. The latter part of the
course is devoted to a rapid survey of alternating current machines and
apparatus in order to familiarize the student with general types and
characteristics.
The laboratory is chiefly concerned with the more complicated tests
on direct current machines, only a few exercises being devoted to the study
of circuits carrying periodic currents. Lecture hours, 9-10, Thursday,
Friday, Saturday; laboratory hours, 12-2, Monday, Tuesday.
Engineering 3E. [Rodman].
The Fall Term is spent in a detailed study of Alternating Current
Generators and Transformers with their accessory measuring and controlling
devices. The theory, construction, regulation and operation of
single and polyphase generators are discussed, and the details of standard
types of transformers are carefully considered.
Graphical diagrams showing operating characteristics are freely used
as offering the most readily comprehensible treatment of the complex relations
existing in alternating current circuits.
Assigned problem work illustrating the theory and practice is made
use of to supplement the lectures.
The laboratory work gives practical demonstration of the characteristics
of alternating current apparatus and complete characteristic, regulation
and efficiency tests are made on non-inductive and reactive loads for
single, two and three phase arrangements of both dynamo machines and
transformers.
The Winter Term is a continuation of the study of Alternating Current
Phonomena, especial attention being directed to the various types of
Alternating Current Motors, synchronous and induction, both single and
polyphase, with their theory, construction, operation and auxiliary control
apparatus. Extended problem work forms an important adjunct to the
lectures and recitations.
In the laboratory the theory is put to proof by means of tests performed
on motors of all types, operating under ordinary conditions.
Torque and efficiency runs are made, and the adaptability of each
special type of motor for various work is made prominent.
The Spring Term embraces work which is in part a résumé of the
entire course, being devoted to a general study of Generation, Transmission
and Distribution of Electrical Energy, prime movers, generating apparatus,
switchboards and protective devices, high tension long distance transmission
lines, substations, and the economic design and operation of
modern electric power plants, and transmission systems. Particular attention
is paid to the problems concerned in the design and construction of
power plants and in the choice of units.
The laboratory work is devoted to the completion of the more complex
tests on alternating machinery as units and as complete systems. Lecture
hours, 11-12, Thursday, Friday, Saturday; laboratory hours, 9-11, Monday,
Wednesday.
Engineering 4E. [Rodman].
The Fall Term is given to the study of Electric Lighting and
Photometry. The student is made familiar with the modern types of
illuminants and their characteristics. Photometry and photometric standards
are discussed, and some of the general problems confronting the
Illuminating Engineer are treated. Problem work illustrating the computations
necessary for the consideration of the lighting expert are made
an important part of the course.
The laboratory tests are devoted to detailed studies of incandescent
and are lamps as to their luminous effects, efficiency and general characteristics.
During the Winter Term a study is made of Electric Traction and
Traction Apparatus, including the various types of direct and alternating
current railway motors, controllers, brakes, rolling stock, track, train
performance and electric railway economics. A discussion of the particular
advantages of direct current, single phase or polyphase, motor action is
taken up and the best uses for each system are outlined.
The laboratory is complementary to the course during the same term
which deals with alternating current motor testing.
The Spring Term hours for this course are given over to form a part
of the required Thesis time. Lecture hours, 12-1, Thursday, Friday, Saturday;
laboratory hours, 11-2, Wednesday.
LECTURE AND LABORATORY SCHEDULE. DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING.
| Monday. | Tuesday. | Wednesday. | Thursday. | Friday. | Saturday. | |
| Math. 1 | Chem. 2 | Math. 1 | Chem. 2 | Math. 1 | Chem. 2 | |
| Ap. Mech. | Ap. Mech. | Ap. Mech. | Engin. 2C | Engin. 2C | Engin. 2C | |
| Engin. 3M | Engin. 3M | Engin. 3M | ||||
| 9-10 | Engin. 2E | Engin. 2E | Engin. 2E | |||
| Phys. Lab. 1 | ||||||
| Phys. Lab. 1 | Eng. Lab. 3E | |||||
| Eng. Lab. 3E | ||||||
| 10-11 | Mech. 1 | Mech. 2 | Mech. 1 | Mech. 2 | Mech. 1 | Mech. 2 |
| An. Chem. 2 | Chem. 1 | An. Chem. 2 | Chem. 1 | An. Chem. 2 | Chem. 1 | |
| An. Chem. 1 | An. Chem. 1 | An. Chem. 1 | ||||
| Phys. Lab. 1 | Phys. Lab. 1 | |||||
| Geol. Lab. 1 | Geol. Lab. 1 | |||||
| Eng. Lab. 3E | Eng. Lab. 3E | |||||
| 11-12 | Draw. 2 | Engin. 1 | Draw. 2 | Engin. 1 | Draw. 2 | Engin. 1 |
| Phys. 1 | Phys. 1 | Phys. 1 | ||||
| Engin. 3E | Engin. 3E | Engin. 3E | ||||
| Draw. 1 | Draw. 1 | |||||
| Geol. Lab. 1 | Geol. Lab. 1 | |||||
| Eng. Lab. 4E | ||||||
| Math. 2 | Math. 2 | Math. 2 | ||||
| Geol. 2 | Geol. 2 | Geol. 2 | Engin. 4C | Engin. 4C | Engin. 4C | |
| Engin. 4M | Engin. 4M | Engin. 4M | ||||
| 12-1 | Engin. 4E | Engin. 4E | Engin. 4E | |||
| Eng. Lab. 2E | Eng. Lab. 2E | Eng. Lab. 4E | ||||
| Geol. Lab. 1 | Draw. 2 | Geol. Lab. 1 | Draw. 2 | Draw. 2 | ||
| Draw. 1 | Chem. Lab. 1 | Draw. 1 | Chem. Lab. 1 | Chem. Lab. 1 | ||
| 1-2 | Geol. 1 | Geol. 1 | Geol. 1 | Engin. 3C | Engin. 3C | Engin. 3C |
| Indl. Chem. | Engin. 2M | Engin. 2M | Engin. 2M | |||
| Phys. 2 | Phys. 2 | Phys. 2 | ||||
| Eng. Lab. 2E | Eng. Lab. 2E | Eng. Lab. 4E | ||||
| Draw 1 | Draw. 2 | Draw. 2 | Draw. 2 | |||
| Chem. Lab. 1 | Draw. 1 | Chem. Lab. 1 | Draw. 1 | Chem. Lab. 1 | ||
| 3-6 | Indl. Chem. (3-4) | Shop-work 4M | Indl. Chem. (3-4) | Shop-work 4M | Indl. Chem. | Shop-work 4M |
| Shop-work 3M | Phys. Lab. 2 | Shop-work 3M | Phys. Lab. 2 | Shop-work 1 | ||
| Chem. Lab. 2 | Chem. Lab. 2 | |||||
| Daily practice in Field-work, Spring (1), Fall (3C); in Bridge-drafting (3C), Winter and Spring. | ||||||
EXAMINATIONS AND REPORTS.
Written Examinations are held at the end of each term covering the
work of that term and the results of these examinations, combined with
the student's class standing, give his Term Grade.
Regular Reports are sent out at the end of every term to the student's
parent or guardian. These state for each course followed the term grade
and the number of absences. Further comment may be added by the
Dean or the Professor, if it appears probable that such comment would be
helpful to the student. Parents are urged to examine these reports carefully,
and to exert such parental influence as may seem needed to establish
and confirm the student in habits of industry and order.
Special Reports are sent to parents at the end of each month for
students delinquent in attendance or studiousness and for delinquents only.
When a student is making steady progress and showing due diligence in
his work only the regular reports are sent. The receipt of a special report
is evidence that, in the judgment of the Faculty, prompt and pointed
parental admonition is urgently needed.
Re-examinations are held during registration week in September. To
these re-examinations the Faculty will admit, on the recommendation of
his professor, any student of the previous session who in any course fell
below the pass mark of seventy-five per cent., but made at least sixty-five
per cent. at the regular examination. For every such re-examination
the student must pay to the Bursar on or before July 15th a fee of $5,
which fee is in no case returnable. The student who fails in any course
and does not make up his deficiency on re-examination will be required to
register anew for that course and attend the lectures and pass the regular
examination, unless relieved by special vote of the Faculty. The Dean will
send to every student eligible for re-examination a programme of the dates
of the September examinations.
DEGREES.
Upon the completion of the four years' course as defined in any one of
the Programmes of Study and the presentation of an acceptable graduating
thesis the Faculty will award to any student in regular and honorable
standing the appropriate Degree of Civil Engineer, Mechanical Engineer,
Electrical Engineer, Mining Engineer, or Chemical Engineer. In each
programme will be found the Topics of Study for the several years. The
hours for lectures and laboratory exercises will be found in the Schedule.
The dates for the examinations are given in the Examination Programme.
PROGRAMME OF EXAMINATIONS.
1911-1912.
| DEC. | MAR. | MAY | Freshman | Sophomore | Junior | Senior |
| JUNE | ||||||
| 12 | 13 | 6 | Engineering 2M | Mechanics 1 | Anal. Chem. 2 | |
| Engineering 4C | ||||||
| 13 | 14 | 28 | Mathematics 1 | Engineering 4M | ||
| Engineering 4E | ||||||
| Chemistry 3 | ||||||
| 14 | 15 | 29 | Mathematics 2 | |||
| 15 | 16 | 30 | Engineering 2E | Physics 2 | ||
| 16 | 18 | 31 | Anal. Chem. 1 | |||
| Mechanics 2 | ||||||
| 18 | 19 | 1 | Engineering 1 | Physics 1 | Engineering 3E | |
| 19 | 20 | 3 | Engineering 3C | |||
| Indl. Chem. | Geology 2 | |||||
| 20 | 21 | 4 | Engineering 2C | Engineering 3M | ||
| Chemistry 2 | ||||||
| 21 | 22 | 5 | Chemistry 1 | Geology 1 | ||
| 22 | 23 | 27 | Drawing 2 | Ap. Mechanics |
(i) The student who makes an average of less than 40 per cent. on
his courses at the end of any term is dropped from the rolls.
(ii) The student who makes an average of 40 per cent. or more at
the end of any term, but who makes less than 65 per cent. on each of his
courses, is on probation for the term next ensuing.
(iii) The student—already on probation—who again makes less than
65 per cent. on each of his courses at the end of the current term, is
dropped from the rolls.
EXPENSES OF REGULAR STUDENTS.
The average annual expenses of a student who pursues the regular
course in Engineering will be:
| Outside Students. |
Virginians. | |
| University Fee | $ 40 | $ 40 |
| Tuition and Laboratory Fees (average) | 100 | 50 |
| Living Expenses (for nine months) | 225 | 225 |
| Books and Drawing Materials | 20 | 20 |
| Incidental Expenses (for nine months) | 45 | 45 |
| Total for average conditions | $430 | $380 |
The charges for Tuition are uniform to all students, except that
Virginians are relieved of tuition on courses offered in the College. The
fee for each class taken will be $25, with the addition of the prescribed
laboratory charges, which are $5 for each class in Applied Mechanics,
Engineering, and Physics; $15 for Chemistry. For each class in Analytical
Chemistry a special fee of $50 is charged for tuition, plus $10 for
apparatus and supplies. The fee for each class in Drawing is $10.
The University Fee entitles the student to the free use of the Library,
Gymnasium, Shops, and Laboratories; to free medical attention; to the
services of the Instructor in Physical Culture; to the facilities of the
Hospital in case of need; and covers all fees for the regular examinations,
degrees, and diplomas.
The Living Expenses include board, lodging, fuel and lights, servant
and laundry; the average is $25 a month, the minimum $18, and a reasonable
maximum $32. Books and Drawing Materials will cost about $80 for the
four year course. Incidental Expenses ought to be kept within modest
bounds; the above estimate is sufficient; large allowances of pocket money
promote idleness and attract companions of the baser sort. No allowances
are made for clothing or traveling expenses, which vary too much to be
introduced into any general estimate.
The following are payable on entrance: University Fee ($40);
Tuition and Laboratory Fees ($100); Contingent Deposit ($10); Books
and Instruments ($20); and one month's Living Expenses ($32-18). The
student will need at entrance about $200.
SPECIAL COURSE IN HIGHWAY ENGINEERING.
In recognition of the growing interest in Good Roads in Virginia and
the immense economic importance of the construction of such roads in all
parts of the Commonwealth, the courses of instruction relating directly
to this topic have been grouped together to form a Special Course in Highway
Engineering. This course is given in the Spring Term and embraces:
A. Location, Construction and Maintenance of County Roads and of
City Streets and Pavements, with laboratory tests of road
materials. [Newcomb].B. Plane Surveying with especial reference to land and topographical
surveying and to highway location. [Newcomb].C. Topographical Drawing, embracing contoured maps, colored topography,
map lettering, tracing and blue printing. [Hancock].D. Structural Drawing, with especial reference to county road bridges,
and to culverts and retaining walls for highways. [Thornton
and Gallalee].E. Field Surveying, with the adjustments and uses of the compass
transit, level and plane table. [Newcomb and the field
assistants].
The regular fees for this special course aggregate $40.00, but to a
limited number of adequately prepared applicants, citizens of Virginia,
nominated by the County Board of Supervisors of their respective counties,
free scholarships will be given. Such students pay only a registration
fee of $5.00, for the use of field instruments and laboratory apparatus.
REQUIREMENTS FOR ADVANCED STANDING.
Applicants from other colleges will be admitted provisionally to
advanced standing as candidates for a degree in Engineering upon presentation
of proper certificates covering the courses for which credit is desired.
Such certificates must be filed with the Dean, and must be acceptable both
to him and to the professors in charge of the accredited courses. The
certificate must bear the official signature of the head of the college; must
specify the character and content of the course followed by the student;
must give his marks, which should not fall below the standard seventy-five
per cent. of this University; and must recommend the student as worthy
of admission to the University of Virginia in respect of both character
and scholarship. The final validation of such a certificate is effected by
the successful completion of the courses attended in this university.
The programme of studies offered by such a candidate for his degree
in Engineering must satisfy all the requirements for that degree as here
established. He must devote at least two full sessions to engineering
studies in this university.
Credits on Practical Work will be allowed to applicants, who have
accomplished successfully courses in Drawing, Field-Work, or Shop-work
equivalent to those given in this university, or have acquired in professional
practice the training which these courses represent. To secure credit for
such work the student must make written application to the Dean of the
Department, and with this application must file the certificate of the chief
draftsman or other officer under whom the work was done.
Applicants for admission to the Engineering Department, who are over
twenty years old, and desire to enter for the pursuit of special elective
courses, must present adequate proofs of good character and of the
needful maturity and training. Such applicants are then registered as
Special Students, and are admitted without formal examination to the
privileges of the university, but not as candidates for any titled degree.
HUMANISTIC STUDIES.
Students, who have enjoyed the benefits of sound preliminary training
in good high schools, are advised in all cases to enrich and liberalize their
professional course by the introduction of humanistic studies.
Under the elective system of this university it is easy to plan a
schedule of work for a well-prepared marticulate, which will at the end
of six years give him in addition to his professional degree the general
culture degree of Bachelor of Science or of Bachelor of Arts. The additional
courses required are two languages (elected from French, German,
and Latin), one historical science (History or Economics), English Literature,
or Biblical History and Literature, and one philosophical science
(Logic, or Ethics, or Psychology).
The following is a sample schedule leading at the end of six years to
the two degree of B. S. and C. E.:
First Year—
Mathematics 1A, Eng. Lit. 1A, German 1A, Chemistry 1B.
Second Year—
Mathematics 2B, Eng. Lit. 2B, German 2B, French 1A.
Third Year—
Physics 1B, French 2B, Engineering 1, Drawing 1.
Fourth Year—
Mechanics 1, Civ. Eng. 2, Economics 1B, Drawing 2.
Fifth Year—
Applied Mechanics, Civ. Eng. 3, Geology 1, Logic 1B.
Sixth Year—
Mechanics 2, Civ. Eng. 4, Mech. Eng. 2, Thesis.
The courses printed in italics are those added from the College.
DRAFTING ROOMS.
The drafting rooms are abundantly lighted and are provided with
solidly constructed tables with locked drawers for instruments and
materials. Each student is assigned to a table and has a drawer for his
exclusive use. The regular Drawing Classes execute each one plate a week
under the supervision of the Instructor in Drawing. The more advanced
students have such additional drawings assigned by their respective
professors as are needed for the full development of the courses of study.
Careful attention is given to the training of the students in lettering,
in the conventional signs of mechanical drawing, in the proper lay-out
of drawings, and in neat and accurate execution. Exercises are required
also in tracing and in blue-printing, the rooms for which are conveniently
arranged and in close contiguity to the drafting rooms. While, however,
technical dexterity is demanded, the graphical method is taught and used
primarily as a powerful and indispensable instrument of research, the
thoughtful mastery of which is essential for the instructed Engineer.
The construction and theory of the Polar Planimeter, the Slide Rule,
and the Pantograph are carefully taught, and the student is trained in the
practical use of these appliances for the rapid and accurate production of
estimates and copies from finished drawings.
SHOPS.
The Shop Equipment is throughout of the best quality, the machines
being all from good makers and of sizes ample for the purposes of instruction.
A full outfit of hand tools is maintained at all times. Each
shop is equipped for the instruction of a squad of sixteen students, this
being as large a number as one instructor can properly direct at once.
The Machine Shop is provided with four first-class engines lathes,
illustrating the practice of the best American makers; with a planer, a
shaper, two drill presses, a universal drilling machine (Brown and Sharpe),
and a universal grinder (same makers); also with a gas forge for tempering
tools, a cut-off saw for metal rods, an emery wheel, and so on.
The Wood Shop is furnished with several small lathes, a large pattern
maker's lathe, a jointer, a planer, a saw bench for slitting and cross-cutting,
a band-saw, jig-saw, and a wood trimmer for pattern making.
The Foundry has a cupola furnace for working cast iron, a brass
furnace, a core oven, and all needful accessories for moulding and casting;
the blast for the cupola is furnished by a special blower, driven by a small
high-speed steam engine.
The Forge Room is equipped with Buffalo down-draft forges; and the
necessary smith's tools; the draft is furnished by an engine-driven blower,
and the exhaust is operated by a fan driven also by the engine.
Shop instruction is given for its educational value. The purpose of
this Department is to train engineers, not artisans; and the claims of
the shops are not permitted to infringe on the truly vital functions of the
laboratories, the drafting rooms, and the lectures.
FIELD INSTRUMENTS.
The outfit of Field Instruments contains compasses, transits, and levels
of various approved makes; a solar transit, furnished also with stadia
wires and gradienter for tachymetric work; hand-levels and clinometers
for railway topography; plane tables; a sextant; together with an
adequate supply of leveling rods, telemeter rods, signal poles, chains, tapes,
pins, and so on. For hydraulic work and hydrographic surveys a hook
gauge and a current meter are provided. All students are instructed in
the theory and adjustments of the field instruments and in their practical
use in the field. They are also required to make up their field-books in
standard forms; to reduce their surveys and execute all the necessary
profiles, plans, and maps; and to determine lengths, areas, and volumes
both from the maps and from the original notes. Polar planimeters are
provided for facilitating such estimates and a pantograph for making
reduced copies of finished drawings.
ROAD MATERIAL TESTS.
In the Road Material Tests the machines used are mainly those
devised by Dr. Logan Waller Page, director of the United States office
of public roads. For measuring the strength of the stone cylindrical
samples are cut out with a diamond drill and tested under impact and in
a 40,000-pound compression machine. The resistance to abrasion is
measured on fragments of the stone, rotated in heavy cast iron cylinders
mounted on their diagonals. The binding power of the dust is measured
by impact tests on cylindrical briquettes formed under heavy hydraulic
pressure. The dust for these briquettes is produced in a ball mill fed with
fine stone broken in a small crusher. This part of the testing outfit has
been installed largely by the generous aid of Dr. Page. Useful experimental
researches on the road-building rocks and gravels of Virginia are carried
out with it each year, as well as class demonstrations of the standard
tests for road materials.
LABORATORY WORK IN STRENGTH OF MATERIALS.
The Sinclair Laboratory for work in Strength of Materials.—This
was founded on the original donation of Mrs. John Sinclair, of New
York City, as a memorial to her late husband. The collection has since
100,000 pounds capacity, arranged for tensile, compressive, and transverse
tests; an Olsen torsion machine of 50,000 inch pounds capacity; an Olsen
compression machine of 40,000 pounds capacity; a Ewing tester for the
elasticity of rods; hand machines for testing rods and wires under pull
and small specimens of timber and cast iron under transverse loads; Fair-banks
and Olsen cement testers of 1,000 pounds capacity each; apparatus
for torsional tests on both long wires and short wires; together with the
necessary accessory apparatus for utilizing these machines.
LABORATORY AND FIELD-WORK IN HYDRAULICS.
The equipment for this work comprises a steel tank for weir experiments
with adjustable bronze notches; a hook gauge for accurate measurement
of surface levels; a cast-iron stand pipe for experiments on efflux
with adjustable bronze orifices; a series of pipes with bends, elbows, and
tees for measuring pipe friction; and the proper manometers and gauges
for reading pressures. For the field-work the outfit of field instruments
has been enlarged by a current meter of modern construction and a set
of hollow copper ball floats for direct stream velocity measurements.
ENGINE AND BOILER TESTS.
The Steam Engine Tests are made on the high-speed Ball engine,
which operates the shops. This motor has been specially equipped for the
purpose. It receives steam from the main line through a Sweet separator;
humidity determinations are thus made twice—once by a separating calorimeter
before the steam enters the separator, and again by a throttling
calorimeter as it enters the cylinder. It is fitted with proper indicators,
and permanent indicator rigging so that at any time cards may be taken
and the indicated horse-power determined. In like manner a rope friction
brake is so arranged that it may be at once applied for the determination
of brake horse-power. Connections are so made with a Wheeler surface
condenser that the engine may at will be operated either condensing or
non-condensing. Provisions are made for measuring the temperatures and
the amounts of the condensation water and the condensed steam produced
during the run. With these data a complete heat balance of the experimental
run is attainable.
For Steam Boiler Tests the boilers of the university heating and
lighting plant are available. The department is equipped with the necessary
apparatus—thermometers, gauges, steam calorimeters, fuel calorimeters,
gas analyzers, scales, tanks, and so on. Students of Mechanical Engineering
are taught by practical lessons in the boiler room the standard methods
for boiler trials, and the class makes each session at least one complete trial.
The Gas Engine Tests are made on an Otto machine of 15 I. H. P.
and 12 B. H. P. This is also provided with its friction brake, indicator
and provision is made for observing not only its amount but the initial
and final temperatures. Gasoline or alcohol is used as fuel, and is run
in from a graduated wrought-iron bottle, so that the amount consumed is
determined. The heating power is obtained by an independent test with a
Rosenhain calorimeter. Samples of the burnt gases are drawn from the
exhaust pipe and analyzed in an Orsat gas apparatus. With these data,
and the observed numbers of revolutions and explosions, the heat balance
is worked out.
The Refrigerating Tests are made on a Remington Ice Machine of one
ton capacity. This is an ammonia compression machine driven by an
electric motor. Instead of brine, plain water is used, heated by a steam
jet to 100 degrees and then cooled down to 40 degrees by the machine. A
run is first made with the pipes empty in order to determine the friction
horse-power. The ammonia is then turned on and the run is made under
load. In both cases the power consumed is measured both by watt-meter
and by am-meter and volt-meter readings. The tanks are accurately
calibrated and careful measurements of the temperature are made through
the run. Indicator cards are also taken from the ammonia cylinders and
the number of revolutions is registered by counter. With these data the
mechanical and thermodynamic performance of the machine are figured out.
LABORATORY WORK IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.
The Scott Laboratory of Electrical Engineering.—This laboratory was
initially equipped and endowed by Mrs. Frances Branch Scott, of Richmond,
Va., as a memorial to her late son, an alumnus of this university. During
the past year, 1910, the equipment has been substantially increased
through the generosity of the Hon. Charles M. Crane, of Chicago, Ill., a
friend of the university.
In addition to full sets of electric meters with the appliances for
testing and calibrating them, galvanometers of the best modern types,
standard cells and resistances, standard condensers, and other pieces of
apparatus for minor tests, it contains numerous pieces of the very best
construction. Such are the Wolff Potentiometer, the Siemens and Halske
Thomson Double Bridge, the Koepsel Permeameter, the Duddell Double
Projection Oscillograph, the Station Photometer with Lummer-Brodhun
screen, the Carey-Foster Bridge and others.
For the work in machine testing there are a number of direct current
generators and motors, series, shunt and compound, an interpole motor, a
double current generator, a two phase alternator, a General Electric experimental
test set for alternating current comprising a generator furnishing
single, two, three, six or twelve phase current and in addition offering
three types of induction motors with all necessary starting and controlling
devices, a single phase repulsion motor, a two phase induction motor, two
a constant current transformer, a frequency meter, power factor indicator,
synchronism indicator, ground detector and the auxiliary apparatus used
in testing these machines.
The laboratory is being rapidly arranged with a system of universal
plug and receptacle connections to facilitate the setting up of all experimental
combinations.
The laboratory work is carried on in squads or groups of two or
three students and the work is so arranged that each student will become
familiar with all the details and connections of any particular test. A
most important feature of the laboratory instruction is the required
preparation of a preliminary report on each experiment before the actual
test is carried out. These preliminary reports are written up in the
classroom at assigned hours and consist of a complete résumé of the test
under discussion. The object, the theory, the scheme of connections necessary,
the choice of measuring instruments and all auxiliary devices needful
for the proper performance of the experiment are here worked out and
this preliminary report is handed in for correction or approval. After
approval the test is assigned for a definite laboratory hour and the work
is then carried through. A final report is then handed in consisting of the
preliminary and the additional data in tabulated and in graphical form.
Such a final report comprises a complete text on any given experiment
and will prove of great value in later work in commercial fields.
It is recognized that the outlined method for laboratory work is of
the greatest benefit to the student inasmuch as it requires a thorough
understanding of any given test, and at the same time inculcates habits
of self-reliance and a spirit of originality which cannot prove to be other
than beneficial in the later work when the engineer must rely upon his
own ingenuity to a great extent.
BUILDINGS.
The buildings devoted wholly or in part to the work of the Department
of Engineering are the following:
The Mechanical Laboratory is the main seat of the instruction in
technical studies. It is 180 by 70 feet and contains on the main floor
the Dean's office and the offices of the three adjunct-professors; the main
lecture room; the laboratory of electrical engineering; and the drafting
room for the First and Second Year students. Above are a smaller drafting
room for advanced students, and blue-print and photographic rooms. Below
on the ground floor are another classroom, the reading-room, the testing
laboratory, the wood shop, the metal shop, apparatus and store rooms, the
tool room, and the students' lavatory.
The Power House is a single-story building 110 by 40 feet. In addition
to the university boiler plant and the electric lighting plant this contains
horizontal return-tubular boilers, each of 140 horse-power. The lighting
plant consists of three electric generators directly connected to high-speed
engines, the respective capacities being 25, 50, and 75 kilowatts. The
whole plant is available for purposes of instruction, study and experiment.
The Laboratory of General Chemistry, situated at the southern end
of West Range, is one of the older buildings recently remodelled and
fitted up for the work of instruction in undergraduate chemistry. It is
furnished with all the necessary apparatus and supplies, and is comfortably
heated and lighted. The engineering students, who are taught in a separate
section, have three hours in lecture each week and six hours in the laboratory.
The work is specially adapted to their needs. The room used for
work in Organic Chemistry is at the northern end of West Range.
The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry is 150 by 60 feet. It is a
single-story building, containing the lecture room, the laboratory of
analytical chemistry, the rooms for assaying, the balance rooms, the offices
and private laboratories of the professor of Industrial and Analytical
Chemistry, and a number of store rooms. These contain not only the
usual laboratory supplies, but an extensive collection of specimens, illustrating
very completely the processes and products of industrial chemistry,
and of especial interest to engineering students.
The Geological Museum is 120 by 50 feet. It is a three-story building.
The main floor is devoted to the very extensive geological collection of
specimens, charts, relief maps, and so on. The gallery above contains an
equally good collection of minerals and numerous models of typical
crystallographic forms. The upper floor contains the lecture rooms and
the new laboratories of Economic Geology. In the basement are stored
subsidiary collections and new material accumulated in more recent
geological surveys.
The Physical Laboratory faces the Mechanical Laboratory on the
opposite side of the quadrangle, and has almost the same proportions. The
main floor contains the lecture room, the professors' offices, the laboratory
of experimental physics, and the store room for the very large collection of
apparatus used in the lectures. On the ground floor is the laboratory of
theoretical electricity, the storage battery room, a well-equipped shop for
the repair and manufacture of apparatus, and numerous smaller rooms
for the work of graduate students.
CIVIL ENGINEERING.
| Courses | Fall Term | Winter Term | Spring Term | Schedule | |
| Freshman | Mathematics 1 | Trigonometry | Algebra | Analytical Geometry | 9-10 M. W. F. |
| Chemistry 1 | Chemistry | Chemistry | Chemistry | 10-11 T. Th. S. | |
| Chemical Lab. 1 | Chemical Lab. | Chemical Lab. | Chemical Lab. | 12-2 T. Th. S. | |
| Engineering 1 | Practical Geometry | Machine Construction | Plane Surveying | 11-12 T. Th. S. | |
| Drawing 1 | Mechanical Drawing | Machine Drawing | Topographical Drawing | 11-2 M. W. | |
| Shop and Field-wk. | Wood-shop | Machine-shop | Field-work | 3-6 F. | |
| Sophomore | Mathematics 2 | Conic Sections | Differential Calculus | Integral Calculus | 12-1 M. W. F. |
| Physics 1 | Mechanics, Sound | Heat, Light | Electricity, Magnetism | 11-12 T. Th. S. | |
| Physical Lab. 1 | Physical Lab. | Physical Lab. | Physical Lab. | 9-11 M. W. | |
| Drawing 2 | Graphical Statics | Descriptive Geometry | Structural Drawing | 11-12 M. W. F. | |
| 12-2 T. Th. S. | |||||
| Engineering 2C | Curves and Earthwork | Railways | Highways | 9-10 Th. F. S. | |
| Junior | Mechanics 1 | Statics | Dynamics | Hydraulics | 10-11 M. W. F. |
| Applied Mechs. | Strength of Materials | Stability of Structures | Hydraulic Motors | 9-10 M. T. W. | |
| Mechanical Lab. | Tests of Materials | Friction and Lubricants | Hydraulic Lab. | 10-1 S. | |
| Engineering 3C | Masonry | Short-span Bridges | Long-span Bridges | 1-2 Th. F. S. | |
| Field-wk., Drafting | Railway Surveying | Bridge Drafting | Bridge Drafting | 3-6, thrice weekly | |
| Senior | Mechanics 2 | Analytical Statics | Dynamics of a Particle | Dynamics of a Rigid Body | 10-11 T. Th. S. |
| Geology 1 | Dynamical Geology | Structural Geology | Physiographic Geology | 1-2 M. T. W. | |
| Geological Lab. 1 | Geological Lab. | Geological Lab. | Geological Lab. | 10-1 M. W. | |
| Engineering 4C | Water-works and Sewers | Reinforced Concrete | Thesis | 12-1 Th. F. S. | |
| Engineering 2M | Machine Design | Elem. Steam Engineering | Thesis | 1-2 Th. F. S. |
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.
| Courses | Fall Term | Winter Term | Spring Term | Schedule | |
| Freshman | Mathematics 1 | Trigonometry | Algebra | Analytical Geometry | 9-10 M. W. F. |
| Chemistry 1 | Chemistry | Chemistry | Chemistry | 10-11 T. Th. S. | |
| Chemical Lab. 1 | Chemical Lab. | Chemical Lab. | Chemical Lab. | 12-2 T. Th. S. | |
| Engineering 1 | Practical Geometry | Machine Construction | Plane Surveying | 11-12 T. Th. S. | |
| Drawing 1 | Mechanical Drawing | Machine Drawing | Topographical Drawing | 11-2 M. W. | |
| Shop & Field-wk. 1 | Wood-shop | Machine-shop | Field Surveying | 3-6 once a wk. | |
| Sophomore | Mathematics 2 | Conic Sections | Differential Calculus | Integral Calculus | 12-1 M. W. F. |
| Physics 1 | Mechanics, Sound | Heat, Light | Electricity, Magnetism | 11-12 T. Th. S. | |
| Physical Lab. 1 | Physical Lab. | Physical Lab. | Physical Lab. | 9-11 M. W. | |
| Engineering 2M | Machine Design | Elem. Steam Engineering | Boilers, Power Plants | 1-2 Th. F. S. | |
| Drawing 2 | Graphical Statics | Descriptive Geometry | Structural Drawing | 11-12 M. W. F. | |
| 12-2 T. Th. S. | |||||
| Junior | Mechanics 1 | Statics | Dynamics | Hydraulics | 10-11 M. W. F. |
| Ap. Mechanics | Strength of Materials | Stability of Structures | Hydraulic Motors | 9-10 M. T. W. | |
| Mechanical Lab. | Tests of Materials | Friction and Lubricants | Hydraulic Lab. | 10-1 S. | |
| Engineering 2E | Elementary Elec. Eng. | D. C. Machines | Periodic Currents | 9-10 Th. F. S. | |
| Elec. Eng. Lab. | D. C. Laboratory | D. C. Laboratory | D. C. Laboratory | 12-2 M. T. | |
| Mech. Eng. Lab. | Advanced Machine Shop | Steam Laboratory | Pattern-making, Fdry., Forge | 3-6 M. W. | |
| Senior | Mechanics 2 | Analytical Statics | Dynamics of a Particle | Dynamics of a Rigid Body | 10-11 T. Th. S. |
| Engineering 3M | Thermodynamics | Engine Design | Hydraulic Machinery | 9-10 Th. F. S. | |
| Engineering 4M | Kinematics of Machines | Locomotive Engineering | Thesis | 12-1 Th. F. S. | |
| Engineering 3C | Masonry (1-2 Th. F. S.) | Shop-work (3-6 T. Th. S.) | Thesis |
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.
| Courses | Fall Term | Winter Term | Spring Term | Schedule | |
| Freshman | Mathematics 1 | Trigonometry | Algebra | Analytical Geometry | 9-10 M. W. F. |
| Chemistry 1 | Chemistry | Chemistry | Chemistry | 10-11 T. Th. S. | |
| Chem. Lab. 1 | Chemical Lab. | Chemical Lab. | Chemical Lab. | 12-2 T. Th. S. | |
| Engineering 1 | Practical Geometry | Machine Construction | Plane Surveying | 11-12 T. Th. S. | |
| Drawing 1 | Mechanical Drawing | Machine Drawing | Topographical Drawing | 11-1 M. W. | |
| Shop and Field-wk. | Wood-shop | Machine-shop | Field-work | 3-6 F. | |
| Sophomore | Mathematics 2 | Conic Sections | Differential Calculus | Integral Calculus | 12-1 M. W. F. |
| Physics 1 | Physics | Physics | Physics | 11-12 T. Th. S. | |
| Physical Lab. 1 | Physical Lab. | Physical Lab. | Physical Lab. | 9-11 M. W. | |
| Drawing 2 | Graphical Statics | Descriptive Geometry | Structural Drawing | 11-12 M. W. F. | |
| 12-2 T. Th. S. | |||||
| Engineering 2M | Machine Design | Elem. Steam Engineering | Boilers, Power Plants | 1-2 Th. F. S. | |
| Junior | Mechanics 1 | Statics | Dynamics | Hydraulics | 10-11 M. W. F. |
| Ap. Mechanics | Strength of Materials | Stability of Structures | Hydraulic Motors | 9-10 M. T. W. | |
| Mechanical Lab. | Tests of Materials | Friction and Lubricants | Hydraulic Lab. | 10-1 S. | |
| Engineering 2E | Elem. Elec. Engineering | D. C. Machines | Periodic Currents | 9-10 Th. F. S. | |
| Eng. Lab. 2E | D. C. Laboratory | D. C. Laboratory | D. C. Laboratory | 12-2 M. T. | |
| Eng. Lab. 3M | Advanced Machine-shop | Steam Laboratory | Pattern-making, Fdry., Forge | 3-6 M. W. | |
| Senior | Mechanics 2 | Analytical Statics | Dynamics of Particle | Dynamics of Rigid Body | 10-11 T. Th. S. |
| Engineering 3E | A. C. Apparatus | A. C. Machines | Electric Power Trans. | 11-12 Th. F. S. | |
| Eng. Lab. 3E | A. C. Laboratory | A. C. Laboratory | A. C. Laboratory | 9-11 M. W. | |
| Engineering 4E | Electric Lighting | Electric Traction | Thesis | 12-1 Th. F. S. | |
| Eng. Lab. 4E | Photometric Lab. | Photometric Lab. | Thesis | 11-2 W. | |
| Physics 2 | Advanced Electricity | Advanced Electricity | Thesis | 1-2 T. Th. S. | |
| Physical Lab. 2 | Physical Lab. | Physical Lab. | Thesis | 3-5 T. Th. |
MINING ENGINEERING.
| Courses | Fall Term | Winter Term | Spring Term | Schedule | |
| Freshman | Mathematics 1 | Trigonometry | Algebra | Analytical Geometry | 9-10 M. W. F. |
| Chemistry 1 | Chemistry | Chemistry | Chemistry | 10-11 T. Th. S. | |
| Chemical Lab. 1 | Chemical Lab. | Chemical Lab. | Chemical Lab. | 12-2 T. Th. S. | |
| Engineering 1 | Practical Geometry | Machine Construction | Plane Surveying | 11-12 T. Th. S. | |
| Drawing 1 | Mechanical Drawing | Machine Drawing | Topographical Drawing | 11-2 M. W. | |
| Shop and Field-wk. | Wood-shop | Machine-shop | Field-work | 3-6 F. | |
| Sophomore | Mathematics 2 | Conic Sections | Differential Calculus | Integral Calculus | 12-1 M. W. F. |
| Physics 1 | Mechanics, Sound | Heat, Light | Electricity, Magnetism | 11-12 T. Th. S. | |
| Physical Lab. 1 | Physical Lab. | Physical Lab. | Physical Lab. | 9-11 M. W. | |
| Drawing 2 | Graphical Statics | Descriptive Geometry | Structural Drawing | 11-12 M. W. F. | |
| 12-2 T. Th. S. | |||||
| Engineering 2M | Machine Design | Elem. Steam Engineering | Boilers, Power Plants | 1-2 Th. F. S. | |
| Junior | Mechanics 1 | Statics | Dynamics | Hydraulics | 10-11 M. W. F. |
| Ap. Mechanics | Strength of Materials | Stability of Structures | Hydraulic Motors | 9-10 M. T. W. | |
| Mech. Lab. | Tests of Materials | Friction and Lubricants | Hydraulic Lab. | 10-1 S. | |
| Engineering 2E | Elem. Elec. Engineering | D. C. Machines | Periodic Currents | 9-10 Th. F. S. | |
| Eng. Lab. 2E | D. C. Laboratory | D. C. Laboratory | D. C. Laboratory | 12-2 M. T. | |
| Indl. Chem. | Indl. Chemistry | Indl. Chemistry | Indl. Chemistry | 3-4 M. W. F. 12T | |
| Senior | Anal. Chem. 1 | Anal. Chemistry | Anal. Chemistry | Anal. Chemistry | 10-11 T. Th. S. |
| Anal. Chem. Lab. | Anal. Chem. Lab. | Anal. Chem. Lab. | Anal. Chem. Lab. | By appointment | |
| Geology 1 | Dynamical Geology | Structural Geology | Physiographic Geology | 1-2 M. T. W. | |
| Geology 2 | Economic Geology | Economic Geology | Economic Geology | 12-1 M. T. W. | |
| Geological Lab. 1 | Geol. Field-work | Geol. Field-work | Geol. Field-work | 10-1 M. W. | |
| Geological Lab. 2 | Geol. Laboratory | Geol. Laboratory | Geol. Laboratory | By appointment | |
| Mining | Exploitation of Mines | Mining Machinery | Electricity in Mining | 9-10 Th. F. S. |
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING.
| Courses | Fall Term | Winter Term | Spring Term | Schedule | |
| Freshman | Mathematics 1 | Trigonometry | Algebra | Analytical Geometry | 9-10 M. W. F. |
| Chemistry 1 | Chemistry | Chemistry | Chemistry | 10-11 T. Th. S. | |
| Chemical Lab. 1 | Chemical Lab. 1 | Chemical Lab. 1 | Chemical Lab. 1 | 12-2 T. Th. S. | |
| Engineering 1 | Practical Geometry | Machine Construction | Plane Surveying | 11-12 T. Th. S. | |
| Drawing 1 | Mechanical Drawing | Machine Drawing | Topographical Drawing | 11-2 M. W. | |
| Shop and Field-wk. | Wood-shop | Machine-shop | Field-work | 3-6 F. | |
| Sophomore | Mathematics 2 | Conic Sections | Differential Calculus | Integral Calculus | 12-1 M. W. F. |
| Physics 1 | Mechanics, Sound | Heat, Light | Electricity, Magnetism | 11-12 T. Th. F. | |
| Physical Lab. 1 | Physical Lab. | Physical Lab. | Physical Lab. | 9-11 M. W. | |
| Drawing 2 | Graphical Statics | Descriptive Geometry | Structural Drawing | 11-12 M. W. F. | |
| 12-2 T. Th. S. | |||||
| Engineering 2M | Machine Design | Elem. Steam Engineering | Boilers, Power Plants | 1-2 Th. F. S. | |
| Junior | Mechanics 1 | Statics | Dynamics | Hydraulics | 10-11 M. W. F. |
| Anal. Chem. 1 | Anal. Chemistry | Anal. Chemistry | Anal. Chemistry | 10-11 T. Th. S. | |
| Indl. Chem. | Indl. Chemistry | Indl. Chemistry | Indl. Chemistry | 3-4 M. W. F. | |
| Anal. Chem. Lab. | Anal. Chem. Lab. 1 | Anal. Chem. Lab. 1 | Anal. Chem. Lab. 1 | By appointment | |
| Engineering 2E | Elem. Elec. Engineering | D. C. Machine | Periodic Currents | 9-10 Th. F. S. | |
| Eng. Lab. 2E | D. C. Laboratory | D. C. Laboratory | D. C. Laboratory | 12-2 M. T. | |
| Senior | Anal. Chem. 2 | Anal. Chemistry | Anal. Chemistry | Anal. Chemistry | 10-11 M. W. F. |
| Anal. Chem. Lab. | Anal. Chem. Lab. 2 | Anal. Chem. Lab. 2 | Anal. Chem. Lab. 2 | By appointment | |
| Chemistry 2 | Org. and Phys. Chem. | Org. and Phys. Chem. | Org. and Phys. Chem. | 9-10 T. Th. S. | |
| Chemical Lab. 2 | Chemical Lab. 2 | Chemical Lab. 2 | Chemical Lab. 2 | 3-5 T. Th. S. | |
| Chemistry 3 | Inorganic Chem. | Inorganic Chem. | Inorganic Chem. | 12-1 T. Th. S. | |
| Chemical Lab. 3 | Chemical Lab. 3 | Chemical Lab. 3 | Chemical Lab. 3 | By appointment | |
| Geology 1 | Dynamical Geology | Structural Geology | Physiographic Geology | 1-2 M. T. W. | |
| Geological Lab. 1 | Geological Lab. | Geological Lab. | Geological Lab. | 11-1 M. W. |
| University of Virginia record February, 1911 | |