BIBLIOGRAPHY
Evidence for early Stoicism is collected in J. von Arnim,
Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta, 4 vols. (Stuttgart, repr. 1964).
For the Roman period the principal sources are Cicero, De
finibus iii, iv, and De officiis; Seneca, Epistulae morales;
and the works of Epictetus (Discourses) and Marcus Aurelius
(Meditations), thoroughly discussed by A. Bonhoeffer, Epictet
und die Stoa (Stuttgart, 1894) and A. S. L. Farquharson,
The Meditations of Marcus Antoninus, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1944).
The most authoritative modern work is M. Pohlenz, Die
Stoa, 2nd ed., 2 vols. (Göttingen, 1959), which traces the
history of Stoicism down to Saint Augustine and beyond.
Two French works which deserve particular mention are
E. Bréhier, Chrysippe et l'ancien stoicisme, 2nd ed. (Paris,
1951) and V. Goldschmidt, Le système stoicien et l'idée de
temps (Paris, 1953).
The last few years have seen a revival of interest in all
aspects of Stoicism among scholars writing in English. In
The Meaning of Stoicism (Cambridge, Mass., 1966), L.
Edelstein gives a stimulating, if at times misleading, intro-
duction. For more detailed study see J. M. Rist, Stoic Philos-
ophy (Cambridge, 1969) and A. A. Long, ed., Problems in
Stoicism (London, 1971) with contributions by F. H. Sand-
bach, A. C. Lloyd, S. G. Pembroke, I. G. Kidd, G. Watson,
and the editor. W. W. Tarn, Hellenistic Civilisation, 3rd ed.
revised by G. T. Griffith (London, 1952) surveys the culture
during Stoicism's formative period.
ANTHONY A. LONG
[See also Causation;
Free Will; God;
Happiness; Nature;
Necessity; Organicism; Platonism;
Rationality; Virtù.]
