Skip directly to:Main content Main navigation

University of Virginia Library

Concise Dictionary of Religion

collapse section

'ABD AL-BAHĀ, 'Abbas Effendi (1844-1821):

ABELARD, Peter (1079-1142):

ABRAMIC RELIGIONS:

ABSOLUTE IDEALISM:

ABŪ BAKR, (d. 634):

ABU DAWUD, Al Sijistani (817-889):

ABU HANIFA (699-767):

ABŪ HURAIRA (d. 678):

ACTON, Lord (Dalberg-Acton, John 1834-1902):

AD HOC HYPOTHESIS:

ADAMSKI, George (1891-1965):

ADLER, Alfred (1870-1937):

AELFRIC (955-1020):

AFRICAN INDEPENDENT CHURCH:

AFRICAN RELIGIONS:

AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGIONS:

AGE OF AQUARIUS:

AHMED, Al-Badawi (1199-1200):

AHMED, ibn Hanbal, (780-855):

AHMED, Khan (1817-1898):

AHMED, Mirz Ghulam (1855-1908):

AKHENATEN, [Amenhotep IV] 1372-1354 B.C.):

AKIVA, (AQIBA) ben Joseph (50-135):

AL-GHAZALI, (1058-1111):

ALBERTUS, Magnus (1200-1280):

ALCUIN, (735-804):

ALDURA, THE CHURCH OF THE LORD:

ALEXANDER TECHNIQUE:

ALEXANDRIAN THEOLOGY:

'ALĪ 'Abd al-Rāziq (1888-1935):

ALLEGORICAL INTERPRETATION:

AMBROSE (339-397 A.D.):

ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY:

ANALYTIC-SYNTHETIC DISTINCTION:

ĀNANDA COMMUNITY:

ANAXAGORAS (499-422 B.C.):

ANAXIMANDER (610-547 B.C.):

ANAXIMENES (588-524 B.C.):

ANDERSON, Rufus (1796-1880):

ANGLO-CATHOLICISM:

ANSELM, (1033-1109):

ANTHONY, SAINT (251?-356):

ANTHROPOCENTRISM:

ANTHROPOMORPHISM:

ANTI-CULT MOVEMENT:

ANTIOCH THEOLOGY:

APOCALYPTIC LITERATURE:

APOCRYPHAL NEW TESTAMENT:

APOSTLE'S CREED:

APOSTOLIC FATHERS:

APOSTOLIC SUCCESSION:

AQUINAS, Thomas (1224/27-1274):

ARCHIMEDES (287-212 B.C.):

ARISTOBULUS OF PANEAS (3rd-2nd Century B.C.):

ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.):

ARIUS, (250-336):

ARMINIUS, Jacob (1560-1609):

ARMSTRONG, Garner Ted (1930-):

ARMSTRONG, Herbert W. (1909-):

ARNOLD, Matthew (1822-1888):

ARNOLD, Thomas (1795-1842):

ASBURY, Francis (1745-1816):

ASCENDED MASTERS:

ASCENSION OF CHRIST:

ASH'ARĪ, Ali b. Ismail (873-935 A.D.):

AŚOKA (3rd century B.C.):

ASSUMPTION OF MARY:

AŚVAGHOSA (1st-2nd century A.D.):

ATHANASIUS [1], (296-373):

ATHANASIUS [2], (10th century):

ATHANASIAN CREED:

ATTRIBUTES OF GOD:

AUGSBURG CONFESSION:

AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY (died 604):

AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (354-430):

AUGUSTINE, RULE OF:

AUROBINDO, Sri (1872-1950):

AVERROES, (1126-1198 A.D.):

AVICENNA (930-1037):

AYER, Sir Alfred Jules (1910-1989):

collapse section

BABEL, TOWER OF:

BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY:

BACH, Johann Sebastian (1685-1750):

BACON, Francis (1561-1626):

BACON, Roger (1214-1292):

BAHĀ'Ī FAITH:

BAILEY, Alice (1880-1949):

BAKER-EDDY, Mary (1821-1910):

BALLARD, Edna Anne Wheeler (1886-1971):

BALLARD, Guy (1878-1939):

BALTHASAR, Hans Urs von (1905-):

BARLAAM AND JOASAPH:

BARMEN DECLARATION:

BARTH, Karl (1886-1968):

BARTHOLOMEW'S DAY MASSACRE:

BASIL, RULE OF:

BATSON, Gregory (1904-1980):

BAUER, Bruno (1809-1882):

BAUR, Ferdinand Christian (1792-1860):

BAVINCK, Herman (1854-1921):

BAVINCK, J. H. (1895-1964):

BAXTER, Richard (1615-1691):

BAYLE, Pierre (1647-1706):

BEATIFIC VISION:

BECKET, Thomas à(1118-1170):

BEDE, the Venerable (673-735):

BELGIC CONFESSION:

BELLARMINE, Robert (1542-1621):

BENDA, Julien (1867-1956):

BENEDICT OF NURSIA (480-547):

BENEDICT, RULE OF:

BENEDICTINE ORDER:

BENTHAM, Jeremy (1748-1832):

BERDYAEV, Nikolai (1874-1948):

BERG, David, "Moses" (1919):

BERGER, Peter L. (1934-):

BERGSON, Henri Louis (1859-1941):

BERKELEY, George (1685-1753):

BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX (1090-1153):

BERNARDETTE OF LOURDES (1844-1879):

BESANT, Annie (1847-1933):

BEZA, Theodore (1519-1605):

BHAGAVAD-GĪTA:

BIBLICAL CRITICISM:

BLAKE, William (1757-1827):

BLAVATSKY, Helena Petrovna (1831-1891):

BLOCH, Ernst (1880-1959):

BOAS, Franz (1858-1942):

BODIN, Jean (1530-1596):

BOEHME, Jacob (1575-1624):

BOETHIUS, Ancius Maniatus Severinus (480-524 A.D.):

BONAVENTURE (1217-1274):

BONHOEFFER, Dietrich (1906-1946):

BONIFACE (680-754):

BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER:

BOOK OF THE DEAD:

BOOTH, William (1829-1912):

BRADLAUGH, Charles (1833-1891):

BRADLEY, Francis Herbert (1846-1924):

BRAHE, Tycho (1546-1601):

BRĀHMO SAMĀJ:

BRANHAM, William Marion, "Bill" (1909-1966):

BREATHING CONTROL:

BRETHREN OF THE COMMON LIFE:

BRITISH ISRAELITES:

BRUNNER, Emil (1889-1966):

BRUNO (1032-1101):

BRUNO, Giordano (1548-1600):

BUBER, Martin (1878-1965):

BUCER, Martin (1491-1551):

BUCHMANN, Frank (1878-1961):

BUDDHAGHOSA (4th-5th century A.D.):

BUDDHIST SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT:

BULTMANN, Rudolf (1884-1976):

BUNYAN, John (1628-1688):

BURKE, Edmund (1729-1797):

BURNS, Robert (1759-1796):

BUSHNELL, Horace (1802-1876):

BUTLER, Joseph (1692-1752):

collapse section

CABBALA [Kabbalah and Qabbalah]:

CADDY, Elaine (1917-):

CADDY, Peter (1917-):

CALLAWAY, Henry (1817-1890):

CALVIN, John (1509-1564):

CAMBRIDGE PLATONISTS:

CAMPBELL, Joseph (1904-1987):

CAMUS, Albert (1913-1960):

CANON OF SCRIPTURE:

CAPPADOCIAN FATHERS:

CAPRA, Fritjof (1931-):

CAREY, William (1761-1834):

CARLYLE, Thomas (1795-1881):

CARNELL, Edward John (1919-1967):

CAROLINGINAN REVIVAL:

CASTANEDA, Carlos (1935-):

CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE:

CATEGORY MISTAKE:

CATHERINE OF GENOA (1447-1510):

CATHOLIC APOSTOLIC CHURCH:

CAYCE, Edgar (1877-1945):

CHALCEDON, COUNCIL OF:

CHALCEDON, DEFINITION OF:

CHALMERS, Thomas (1780-1847):

CHAPTER AND VERSE:

CHARISMATIC CHRISTIANITY:

CHARISMATIC MOVEMENT:

CHARLEMAGNE, (742-814):

CHESTERTON, Gilbert Keith (1874-1936):

CHIH-I (538-597):

CHILDREN OF GOD:

CHINESE RELIGIONS:

CHRISTADELPHIANS:

CHRISTIAN MINISTRY:

CHRISTIAN SCIENCE:

CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM:

CHRYSTOSTOM, John (344/345-407):

CHU HSI [Chu Tzu or Chu Yuan Hui Shushi] (1130-1200 A.D.):

CHUANG-TZU [Chuang Chou] (369-286 B.C.):

CHURCH FATHERS:

CHURCH OF CHRIST SCIENTIST:

CICERO, Marcus Tullius (106-43 B.C.):

CISTERCIAN ORDER:

CIVIL RELIGION:

CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA (150-215 A.D.):

CLEMENT OF ROME (1st century A.D.):

CLOVIS (466-511):

COBBETT, William (1763-1835):

CODEX ALEXANDRIUS:

CODEX AMIATINUS:

CODEX SINAITICUS:

CODEX VATICANUS:

COGITO ERGO SUM:

COHERENCE THEORY OF TRUTH:

COLENSO, John William (1814-1883):

COLERIDGE, Samuel Taylor (1772-1834):

COLET, John (1467-1519):

COLLINGWOOD, Robin George (1889-1943):

COLOR, LITURGICAL:

COMENIUS, Johann Amos (1592-1670):

COMMUNION OF SAINTS:

COMMUNION TABLE:

COMMUNITY OF THE RESURRECTION:

COMPARATIVE RELIGION:

COMTE, Auguste (1798-1857):

CONDITIONAL IMMORTALITY:

CONFUCIUS [Kung Fu Tzu] (551-479 B.C.):

CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH:

CONGREGATIONALISM:

CONSTANTINE THE GREAT (288-337 A.D.):

CONTRADICTION, LAW OF:

CONZE, Edward (1904-?):

COPERNICUS, Nicholas (1473-1543):

CORRESPONDENCE THEORY OF TRUTH:

COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT:

COUNCIL, BUDDHIST:

COUNCIL, CHURCH:

COUNTER CULTURE:

COUNTER REFORMATION:

COVERDALE, Miles (1488-1568):

COWPER, William (1731-1800):

CRANMER, Thomas (1489-1556):

CREATIO EX NIHILO:

CREDO QUIA ABSURDIUM:

CRISIS THEOLOGY:

CROCE, Benedetto (1866-1952):

CROMWELL, Oliver (1599-1658):

CROWLEY, Alister (1875-1947):

CROWTHER, Samuel Ajayi (1806-1891):

CRUSIUS, Christian August (1712-1775):

CUTHBERT (7th century A.D.):

CYPRIAN (3rd century A.D.):

CYRIL (826-869):

collapse section

DEAD SEA SCROLLS:

DEATH OF GOD THEOLOGY:

DELPHIC ORACLE:

DEMYTHOLOGIZATION:

DEUTERO-ISAIAH:

DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM:

DIALECTICAL THEOLOGY:

DISPENSATIONALISM:

DIVINE KINGSHIP:

DIVINE LIGHT MISSION:

DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS:

DOME OF THE ROCK:

DONATION OF CONSTANTINE:

DORT, SYNOD OF:

DOUBLE PROCESSION:

DUKKHA (Pali) or DUHKHA (Sanskrit):

collapse section

ECCLESIASTICAL:

ECCLESIASTICUS:

ECUMENICAL MOVEMENT:

EDDINGTON, Sir Arthur Stanley (1882-1944):

EDDY, Mary Baker (1821-1910):

EDERSHEIM, Alfred (1825-1889):

EDWARD VI OF ENGLAND (1537-1553):

EDWARDS, Jonathan (1703-1758):

EIGHTFOLD PATH:

EINHEITLICHE WELTANSCHAUUNG:

EINSTEIN, Albert (1879-1955):

ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES:

ELIADE, Mircea (1907-1988):

ELIOT, T.S. (1888-1965):

EMERGENT EVOLUTION:

EMERSON, Ralph Waldo (1803-1882):

ENCYCLOPEDISTS:

ENGELS, Friedrich (1820-1895):

ENGLAND, CHURCH OF:

ENLIGHTENMENT [1]:

ENLIGHTENMENT [2]:

EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF:

EPICTETUS (60-138 B.C.):

EPICURUS (341-270 B.C.):

EPIPHENOMENALISM:

ERASMUS, Desiderius (1469-1536):

ERHARD SEMINAR TRAINING:

ERHARD, Werner (1935-):

ERIGENA, Johannes Scotus (815?-877):

ETERNAL PROGRESSION:

ETERNAL RECURRENCE:

ETHIOPIAN CHURCH:

EUCLID (300 B.C.):

EVANGELIZATION:

EVANS-PRITCHARD, Edward Evan (1902-1973):

EX OPERE OPERATO:

EXCLUDED MIDDLE:

EXISTENTIALISM:

EXTINCTION OF OUTFLOWS:

EZEKIEL (6th century B.C.):

EZRA (5th to 4th century B.C.):

collapse section

FA HSIEN (late 4th or early 5th century):

FALSIFIABILITY:

FALWELL, Jerry (1934):

FAMILY OF LOVE:

FANON, Franz (1925-1961):

FARABI, Abu Nasr Muhammad (d. 950 aged about 80):

FAREL, Guillaume (1489-1565):

FARRER, Austin Marsden (1904-1969):

FARRER, Frederick William (1831-1903):

FATHERHOOD OF GOD:

FATIMA (7th century):

FERGUSON, Marilyn Grasso (1938-):

FEUERBACH, Ludwig Andreas (1804-1872):

FICHTE, Johann Gottlieb (1762-1814):

FILIOQUE CLAUSE:

FINNEY, Charles Grandison (1792-1875):

FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM:

FLEW, Anthony (1923-):

FLORENCE, COUNCIL OF:

FORD, Henry (1863-1947):

FORM CRITICISM:

FORM-MATTER GROUNDMOTIVE:

FORMGESCHICHTE:

FOSDICK, Harry, Emerson (1878-1969):

FOUCAULT, Michel (1926-1988):

FOUR HOLY TRUTHS:

FOUR NOBEL TRUTHS:

FOX, George (1624-1691):

FOX, Matthew (1940-):

FOXE, John (1516-1587):

FRANCIS OF ASSISI (1181?-1226):

FRANCIS OF SALES (1567-1622):

FRAZER, Sir James George (1854-1941):

FREUD, Sigmund (1856-1940):

FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF:

FROEBEL, Friedrick Wilhelm August (1782-1852):

FROMM, Eric (1900-1980):

FRY, Elizabeth (1780-1845):

FUNDAMENTALISM:

FUNDAMENTALIST:

collapse section

GALBRAITH, John Kenneth (1908-):

GALEN Claudius (130-200):

GALILEO, Galilei (1564-1642):

GANDHABBAS (Pali) GANDHARVAS (Sanskrit):

GANDHI, Mohandas Karamchand (1869-1948):

GARDNER, Gerald Brousseau (1884-1964):

GARDNERIAN WITCHCRAFT:

GEERTZ, Clifford (1926-):

GEISTESWISSENSCHAFTEN:

GENKU (12th century):

GENSHIN (942-1017):

GENUS AND SPECIES:

GIBBON, Edward (1737-1794):

GILGAMESH, EPIC OF:

GILSON, Etienne Henry (1884-1978):

GIOTTO di Bondone (1267-1337):

GLADSTONE, William, Ewart (1809-1898):

GLOCK, Charles Y. (1924-):

GOBIND SINGH (1666-1708):

GOBINEAU, Joseph Arthur, Comte de (1816-1882):

GOETHE, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832):

GORE, Charles (1853-1932):

GRAHAM, William, Franklin, "Billy" (1918-):

GRAIL, THE HOLY:

GRAMSCI, Antonio (1891-1937):

GREAT AWAKENING:

GREAT WHITE BROTHERHOOD:

GREBEL, Conrad (1498-1526):

GREEN, T. H. (1836-1882):

GREGORIAN CHANTS:

GREGORY OF NYSSA (330-395):

GREGORY OF TOURS, (538-594):

GREGORY THE GREAT (540-604):

GREGORY VII (1021-1085):

GROEN VAN PRINSTERER, Guillaume (1801-1876):

GROTIUS, Hugo (1583-1645):

GROUP-GRID ANALYSIS:

GUYARD, Marie (1599-1672):

GUYON, Madame [Jeanne Marie Bouvier de la Mothe] (1648-1717):

collapse section

HAGIN, Kenneth (1934-):

HAKUIN (1685-1768):

HALDANE, Robert (1764-1842):

HALEVY, Elie (1870-1937):

HAMANN, Johann George (1730-1788):

HAMMURABI, CODE OF:

HANDEL, George Frederick (1685-1759):

HARDY, Thomas (1840-1928):

HARE KRISHNA MOVEMENT:

HARMONIC CONVERGENCE:

HARNACK, Adolph von (1851-1930):

HARRINGTON, Michael (1928-1989):

HASAN, Ali (died 669):

HASAN al-BASR (died 728):

HEGEL, George Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831):

HEIDEGGER, Martin (1884-1976):

HEIDELBERG CATECHISM:

HEILSGESCHICHTE:

HEISENBERG, Werner (1901-1976):

HENRY VIII (1491-1547):

HERACLITUS, of Ephesus (540-475 B.C.):

HERBERT, Edward, Lord of Cherbury (1583-1648):

HERBERT, George (1593-1633):

HERDER, Johann Gottfried von (1744-1803):

HERMAS (2nd century):

HERMETIC LITERATURE (Hermes Trismegistus):

HEROD ANTIPAS (died 39):

HESIOD (8th century):

HESSE, Herman (1877-1962):

HIGHER CRITICISM:

HILLEL (1st century):

HIPPOCRATES (460?-370? B.C.):

HIPPOLYTUS (165-236):

HO YEN (3rd century):

HOBBES, Thomas (1588-1679):

HODGE, Charles (1797-1878):

HOLBACH, Paul Henri Thirty, baron d' (1723-1789):

HOLINESS MOVEMENT:

HOLMES, John Haynes (1879-1959):

HOLY, THE SACRED:

HOMER (sometime before 700 B.C.):

HNEN (1133-1212):

HOOKER, Richard (1554-1600):

HORT, Fenton John Anthony (1828-1892):

HORTON, Robin (1832-?):

HSAN T'SANT (596-664):

HUBBARD, Ron L. (1911-1976):

HÜGEL, Frederick, Baron von (1852-1925):

HUI-NENG (628-713):

HUI-YÜAN (334-417):

HUMAN SACRIFICE:

HUME, David (1711-1776):

HUNG HSIU-CH'AN (1812-1864):

HUNTINGDON, Selina, Countess [of] (1707-1791):

HUSAYN, Ibn 'Ali (626-680):

HUSS, John (1372-1415):

HUSSERL, Edmund Gustav Alberta (1859-1938):

HUXLEY, Aldous Leonard, (1894-1963):

HUXLEY, Julian Sorell (1887-1975):

HUXLEY, Thomas Henry (1825-1895):

collapse section

IAMBLICUS (250-330):

IBN al-'ARABI (1165-1240):

IBN AZM (993-1064):

IBN ISHQ (704-768):

IBN MJA, Muhammad (824-886):

IBN MAS'D (died 652/3):

IBN TMART, Muhammad (died 1130):

ICONOCLASTIC CONTROVERSY:

IGNATIUS (356-107):

IMMACULATE CONCEPTION:

INCARNATION OF CHRIST:

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION:

INGE, William Ralph, "Dean" (1860-1954):

INSPIRATION OF THE BIBLE:

IQBAL, Muhammad (1873-1938):

IRANIAN RELIGION:

IRENAEUS (130-200):

IRVING, Edward (1792-1834):

ISAIAH (8th century):

ISHO'DAD OF MERV (9th century):

ISIDORE (560-636):

ISRAEL ben Eliezer Ba'al Shem Tov (1700-1760):

collapse section

JACOB (18th century B.C.?):

JALL, al-Dn Rm (1207-1273):

JAMES (1st century):

JAMES, William (1842-1910):

JANSEN, Cornelius Otto (1585-1638):

JASPERS, Karl (1883-1973):

JEFFERSON, Thomas (1743-1826):

JEHOVAH'S WITNESSES:

JEREMIAH (7th century B.C.):

JEROME, SAINT (342-420):

JESUS OF NAZARETH (5 B.C.?-30 A.D.?):

JEWISH CHRISTIANITY:

JEWISH CHRISTIANS:

JEWS FOR JESUS:

JOACHIM OF FIORE (1132-1202):

JOAN OF ARC (1412-1431):

JOHN (1st century):

JOHN BAPTIST of LA SALLE (1651-1719):

JOHN CLIMACUS (570-649):

JOHN OF DAMASCUS (675-749):

JOHN OF SALISBURY (1115-1180):

JOHN OF THE CROSS, SAINT (1542-1591):

JOHN THE BAPTIST (1st. century):

JOHN XXIII (1881-1963):

JOHNSON, Samuel (1709-1784):

JONES, Bob (1883-1968):

JONES, Jim (1931-1978):

JOSEPHUS, Flavius (37-100):

JOSEPH [1] (17th century B.C.?):

JOSEPH [2] (1st century B.C.?):

JOWETT, Benjamin (1817-1893):

JUDAISM, ANCIENT:

JUDAISM, MODERN:

JUDAISM, RABBINIC:

JUDAS ISCARIOT (11th century?):

JULIAN (332-363):

JULIAN OF NORWICH (1342?-1413?):

JUNAYAD, Ab Al-Qsim al (died 910):

JUNG, Carl Gustav (1875-1961):

JUSTIN MARTYR (100-165):

JUSTINIAN (483-565):

JUWAYN, al-MA'L Abd al-Malik (1028-1085):

collapse section

KABR, Kabir (1440-1518):

KAGAWA, Toyohiko (1888-1960):

KAHN, Herman (1922-1983):

KAIROS DOCUMENT:

KALPA (Sanskrit) KAPPA (Pali):

KANT, Immanuel (1724-1804):

KEBLE, John (1792-1866):

KEMPE, Margery (1373-1433):

KEPLER, Johannes (1571-1630):

KESWICK CONVENTION:

KEYNES, John Maynard (1883-1946):

KHADJA (died 619):

KHLID al-WALD (died 641/2):

KHANDHA (Pali) SKANDHA (Sanskrit):

KHTM al-NUBUWWA:

KHOMEINI, Ruhullah Al-Musavi (1902-1989):

KHOMIAKOV, Aleksei Stepanovitch (1804-1860):

KHUDDAKA-NIKAYA:

KIERKEGAARD, Soren Asby (1813-1855):

KIMBANGU, Simon (19-?-1951:

KINDI, Abu Yusuf Ya'qub bin Ishaq (813-873):

KING, Martin Luther Jr. (1929-1968):

KINGDOM OF GOD:

KINGSLEY, Charles (1819-1875):

KNIGHT, J. C. (1946-):

KNOX, John (1513-1572):

KLUCKHORN, Clyde (1905-1960):

KOBO DAISHI (774-835):

KOESTLER, Arthur (1905-):

KO HUNG (3rd-4th CENTURY):

KRÄMER, Hendrik (1888-1955):

KRISHNA (Krsna -Sanskrit):

KRISHNAMURTI, Jiddu (1895-1986):

KUBLAI KHAN (1216-1294):

KUHN, Thomas Samuel (1922-):

KUMRAJVA (344-413):

KÜNG, Hans (1928-):

KUYPER, Abraham (1837-1920):

collapse section

LANKVATARA STRA:

LAO TZU (6th century B.C.):

LAUD, William (1573-1645):

LAW, William (1686-1761):

LAWRENCE, Brother (1605-1691):

LEACH, Ronald Edmund (1910-1987):

LEE, Ann (1736-1784):

LEE, Witness (?):

LEIBNIZ, Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von (1646-1716):

LENIN, Vladimir Ilyich (1870-1924):

LESSING, Gotthold Ephraim (1729-1781):

LÉVI-BRUHL, Lucien (1857-1939):

LÉVI-STRAUSS, Claude (1908-):

LEVIRATE MARRIAGE:

LEWIS, Clive Staples (1898-1963):

LIBERAL PROTESTANTISM:

LIEH-TZU (4th century B.C.):

LIVINGSTONE, David (1813-1873):

LLOYD-JONES, David Martyn (1899-1981):

LOCKE, John (1632-1704):

LOGICAL POSITIVISM:

LONERGAN, Bernard (1904-1984):

LOSSKY, Nikolai (1870-1965):

LOSSKY, Vladimir (1903-1958):

LOU, Tseng-Tsiang (1871-1949):

LOVEJOY, Arthur Oncken (1873-1962):

LOYOLA, Ignatius (1495-1556):

LUKE (1st century):

LUTHER, Martin (1483-1546):

collapse section

MACAULAY, Thomas Babington (1800-1859):

MACAULAY, Zachary (1768-1838):

MACCABEES, BOOK OF:

MACHEN, John Gresham (1881-1937):

MACHIAVELLI, Niccolo (1469-1527):

MACKINTOSH, Hugh Ross (1870-1936):

MACLAINE, Shirley (1935-):

MADHVA (1197-1276):

MAHBODHI SOCIETY:

MAHKYAPA THERA (6th century B.C.?):

MAHSATIPATTHANA SUTTA:

MAHVRA (550-420 B.C.?):

MAHINDA (3rd century B.C.):

MAIMONIDES, Moses (1135-1204):

MALINOWSKI, Bronislaw Kaspar (1884-1942):

MALTHUS, Thomas Robert (1766-1834):

MANI (216-277):

MANNHEIM, Karl (1893-1947):

MARCEL, Gabriel (1889-1973):

MARCION (85-160):

MARCUS Aurelius (121-180):

MARITAIN, Jacques (1882-1973):

MARTIN, David (1939-):

MARX, Karl (1818-1883):

MARY, (1st century):

MATHER, Cotton (1663-1728):

MATTHEW, GOSPEL:

MAURICE, Fredrick Denison (1805-1872):

MAWLID al-NABI:

MAYA (6th century B.C.):

MEAD, Margaret (1901-1978):

MELANCHTON, Phillip (1497-1560):

MENCIUS (371-289 B.C.):

MENDELSSOHN, Moses (1729-1786):

MERLEAU-PONTY, Maurice (1908-1961):

MERTON, Thomas (1915-1968):

METEMAPSYCHOSIS:

MEYKANDA (13th century):

MEYNELL, Hugo Anthony (1936-):

MICHELANGELO (1475-1564):

MILL, John Stuart (1806-1873):

MILLENARIAN MOVEMENTS:

MILLER, William (1795-1883):

MILTON, John (1608-1674):

MODERNITY, MODERNISM, AND RELATED DEFINITIONS:

MOFFAT, Robert (1795-1883):

MOLTMANN, Jürgen (1926-):

MOODY, Dwight Lyman (1837-1899):

MOON, Sun Myung (1920-):

MOORE, George Edward (1873-1958)

MOORE, Hannah (1745-1833):

MORE, Thomas (1478-1535):

MORGAN, Lewis (1818-1881):

MORRIS, William (1834-1896):

MOSCA, Gaetano (1858-1955):

MOSES (12th-13th century B.C.):

MOTT, John Raleigh (1865-1955):

MO-TZU (5th century B.C.):

MUHAMMAD (571-632):

MUHAMMAD 'ABDUH (1849-1905):

MÜLLER, Friedrich Maximilian (1823-1900):

MÜLLER, George (1805-1898):

MÜNZER, Thomas (1490-1525):

MURRAY, Andrew Jr. (1828-1917):

MYSTERY RELIGIONS:

collapse section

NAGANUMA, Mrs. Myoko (1899-1957):

NAGARJUNA (2nd century):

NANAK (1469-1504):

NASA'I, Ab 'Abd al-Rahman Ahmad B. Shu'aib (830-915):

NATURAL THEOLOGY:

NATURAL REVELATION:

NATURE-FREEDOM:

NAZARENE, THE CHURCH OF:

NEANDER, Johann August Wilhelm (1789-1850):

NEE, Watchman (1903-1972):

NEEDLEMAN, Jacob (1934-):

NEO-REFORMED THEOLOGY:

NEVIUS, John L. (1829-1893):

NEW AGE MOVEMENT:

NEWMAN, John Henry (1801-1890):

NEWTON, Isaac (1642-1727):

NEWTON, John (1725-1807):

NICHIREN BUDDHISM:

NICHIREN, Shsh (1222-1282):

NIEBUHR, Helmut Richard (1893-1971):

NIEBUHR, Reinhold (1893-197l):

NIEMÖLLER, Martin (1892-1984):

NIETZSCHE, Friedrich Wilhelm (1844-1900):

NIHIL EST INTELLECTU NISI PRIUS FUERIT IN SENSU:

NIKON (1605-1681):

NIMBRKA (14th century ?):

NINIAN (360-432):

NIWANO, Nikkyo (1906-):

NOYES, John Humphrey (1811-1886):

NUSAYR, Muhammad bin (9th century):

collapse section

OCKHAM, William of (1285-1349):

OLDHAM, Joseph Houldsworth (1874-1969):

OLDLINE CHURCHES:

ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENT:

ORAL TRADITION:

ORIGEN (185-254):

ORR, James (1844-1913):

ORTEGA, Y. Gassett Jose (1883-1955):

ORTHODOX CHURCH:

ORWELL, George (1903-1950):

OTHER-DIRECTED:

OTTO, Rudolph, D. G. (1869-1937):

OWEN, John (1616-1683):

OWEN, Robert (1771-1858):

OXFORD MOVEMENT:

collapse section

PACCEKA-BUDDHA:

PAHLAVI LITERATURE:

PAINE, Thomas (1737-1809):

PALEY, William (1743-1805):

PANNENBERG, Wolfhart (1928-):

PAPIAS (60-130):

PARACELSUS (1493-1541):

PARETO, Vilfredo (1848-1923):

PARMENIDES (513-448 B.C.):

PARSEE [Parsis]:

PARSONS, Talcot (1902-1979):

PASCAL, Blaise (1623-1662):

PATAÑJALI (2nd century B.C.):

PAICCA-SAMUPPATION:

PATRICK (390-460):

PAUL, THE APOSTLE (1st century):

PAVLOV, Ivan Petrovich (1849-1936):

PEALE, Norman Vincent (1928-1986):

PEASANT'S REVOLT:

PELAGIUS (360-420):

PENN, William (1644-1718):

PEOPLE'S TEMPLE:

PERSPICUITY OF SCRIPTURE:

PETER (1st century):

PETER Lombard (1100-1160):

PETER THE HERMIT (1050-1115):

PETITIO PRINCIPII:

PHENOMENOLOGY OF RELIGION:

PHILIPP OF HESSE (1504-1567):

PHILO (30 B.C.-50 A.D.):

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION:

PHOTIUS (810-895):

PIAGET, Jean (1896-1981):

PI-HSIA YUAN-CHUN:

PIOUS IX (1792-1878):

PLANCK, Max (1858-1947):

PLANTINGA, Alvin (1938-):

PLATO (427?-347 BC):

PLATO'S ACADEMY:

PLATT, Parley P. (1805-1859):

PLOTINUS (205-270 A.D.):

PLUTARCH (46-120 A.D.):

PLYMOUTH BRETHREN:

POLANYI, Michael (1891-1976):

POLYCARP (1st century):

PONTIUS PILATE (1st Century):

POPPER, Sir Karl (1902-):

PORPHYRY (232-303 A.D.):

POSITIVE THINKING:

POST HOC ERGO PROPTER HOC:

PRABHUPADA, A.C. Bhaktivedanta, Swami (1896-1977):

PRAYER MEETING:

PRAYERS FOR THE DEAD:

PREDESTINATION:

PRESBYTERIANISM:

PRIESTHOOD OF ALL BELIEVERS:

PROBLEM OF EVIL:

PROCESS THEOLOGY:

PRODHON, Pierre Joseph (1809-1865):

PROOFS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD:

PROPHET, Elizabeth Clair (1940-):

PROTAGORAS (490-410 B.C.):

PROTESTANT PRINCIPLE:

PROVERBS, BOOK OF:

PSEUDEPIGRAPHA:

PSEUDO-SCIENCE:

PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION:

PTOLEMY (2nd century):

PURE LAND BUDDHISM:

PYTHAGORAS (6th century B.C.):

collapse section

QUANTUM THEORY:

QUIMBY, Phineas Parkhurst (1802-1866):

QUINE, Willard van Orman (1908-):

collapse section

RABINIC JUDAISM:

RABI'AH al-ADAWYYA (717-801):

RAD, Gerhard von (1901-1971):

RADCLIFFE-BROWN, Alfred Reginald (1881-1955):

RADHA SOAMI MOVEMENT:

RADHAKRISHNAN, Sarvepalli (1888-1975):

RAHNER, Karl (1904-1984):

RAHULABHADRA [Rhula] (6th century B.C.):

RAIKES, Robert (1735-1811):

RAMAKRISHNA, (1836-1886):

RAMANANDA (13th century):

RAMANUJA (1017-1130?):

RAMANA, Maharshi (1879-1951):

RAND, Ayn (1903-1981):

RATIONALIZATION:

RAUSCHENBUSCH, Walter (1861-1918):

REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM:

REFORMED CHURCH:

REFORMED JUDAISM:

REID, Thomas (1710-1796):

REIMARUS, Herman Samuel (1694-1768):

RELIGION AND MODERNITY:

RELIGION, TYPOLOGIES OF REACTION TO MODERNITY:

RELIGIONSGESCHICHTED:

RENAN, Joseph Ernest (1823-1892):

RESURRECTION OF CHRIST:

REVITALIZATION MOVEMENTS:

RICCI, Matteo (1552-1610):

RITSCHL, Albrecht (1822-1889):

ROBINSON, John A. T. (1919-1983):

ROMAN CATHOLICISM:

ROUSSEAU, Jean-Jacques (1712-1778):

ROY, RAM MOHAN (1774-1833):

RUSHDOONY, Rousas John (1916-):

RUSKIN, John (1819-1900):

RUSSELL, Bertrand Arthur William Earl (1872-1970):

RUSSELL, Charles Taze (1852-1916):

RUTHERFORD, Joseph Franklin, "Judge" (1869-1941):

RUTHERFORD, Samuel (1600-1661):

RYLE, Gilbert (1900-1976):

RYLE, John Charles, "J. C." (1816-1900):

collapse section

SAINT-SIMON, Claude-Henri (1760-1828):

SALISBURY, John of (1115-1180):

SALMAN (7th century):

SALVATION ARMY:

SANCTIFICATION:

SANKARA (788-838):

SANKEY, Ira David (1840-1908):

SANTAYANA, George (1863-1952):

SARGENT, William (1918-):

SARIPUTRA [sriputta] (6th century B.C.):

SARTRE, Jean-Paul (1905-1980):

SATAN, CHURCH OF:

SAVONAROLA, Girolamo (1452-1498):

SCHAEFFER, Francis August (1912-1983):

SCHELER, Max (1874-1928):

SCHELLING, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, (1775-1854):

SCHLEIERMACHER, Friedrich Daniel Ernst (1768-1834):

SCHLICK, Moritz (1882-1936):

SCHOPENHAUER, Arthur (1788-1860):

SCHWEITZER, Albert (1875-1965):

SCIENTIFIC METHOD:

SCOFIELD, Cyrus Ingerson (1843-1921):

SCOTT, Walter, Sir (1771-1832):

SECULARIZATION THESIS:

SECULARIZATION:

SENECA, Lucius Anneus (5-65 B.C.):

SERMON ON THE MOUNT:

SEVEN DEADLY SINS:

SEVENTH DAY ADVENTISM:

SHAFI'I', Muhammad ibn Idrs (767-820):

SHAFTESBURY, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Lord (1801-1885):

SHAHRASTANI, Muhammad bin Abd al-Karim (1076-1153):

SHAW, George Bernard (1856-1950):

SHEMBE, Amos (1907-1996):

SHEMBE, Isaia [Isaiah] (1867-1935):

SHEMBE, Johannes Galilee (1904-1975):

SHEMBE, Londa iNsiKayakho (1944-1989):

SHINRAN (1173-1262):

SHOLOKOHV, Mikhail Alekandrovich (1905-1982):

SIBYLLINE ORACLES:

SIMON STYLITES (390-459):

SIMONS, Menno (1496-1561):

SKINNER, Burrhus Frederic (1904-):

SMART, Ninian (1927-):

SMITH, Adam (1723-1790):

SMITH, Joseph (1805-1844):

SMITH, Wilfred Cantwell (1916-):

SMITH, William Robertson (1846-1894):

SMUTS, Jan Christian (1870-1950):

SNAKE HANDLERS:

SOCIAL JUSTICE:

SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION:

SOCRATES (470-400 B.C.):

SOCRATIC METHOD:

SODOM AND GOMORRAH:

SOLOVIEV, Vladimir (1853-1900):

SOLZHENITSYN, Aleksandr Isayevich (1918-):

SOPHOCLES (495-406 B.C.):

SOREL, Georges (1847-1922):

SOROKIN, Pitrim Alexandrovitch (1889-1968):

SOUTHCOTT, Joanna (1750-1814):

SPENCER, Herbert (1820-1903):

SPENGLER, Oswald (1880-1936):

SPINOZA, Baruch [or Benedict] (1632-1677):

SPIRITUAL EXERCISES:

SPIRITUAL HEALING:

SPURGEON, Charles Haddon (1834-1892):

STALIN, Joseph (1879-1953):

STANLEY, Henry Morton, Sir (1841-1904):

STARK, Rodney (1940-):

STOKER, Hendrik Gerhardus (1899-):

STRAUSS, David Friedrich (1808-1874):

SUBSTANCE:

SUFFERING, THE PROBLEM OF:

SUNDAR SINGH (1889-1929):

SUNDAY, William Ashley, "Billy" (1862-1935):

SUNDAY SCHOOL MOVEMENT:

SUPEREROGATION:

SUZUKI, David (1942-):

SUZUKI, Daisetsu Teitaro (1870-1966):

SWEDENBORG, Emanuel (1688-1772):

SWIFT, Jonathan (1667-1745):

SYLLABUS OF ERRORS:

SYNOPTIC GOSPELS:

SYNOPTIC PROBLEM:

collapse section

TAGORE, Rabindranath (1861-1941):

TANTRIC BUDDHISM:

TAYLOR, James Hudson (1832-1905):

TAYLOR, Jeremy (1613-1667):

TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, Pierre (1881-1955):

TELEOLOGICAL ARGUMENT:

TEMPLE, William (1881-1944):

TENDAI BUDDHISM:

TERESA OF ÁVILA (1515-1582):

TERMINUS A QUO:

TERMINUS AD QUEM:

TERTULLIAN, Quintus Septimius Florens (160-225):

THALES OF MILETUS (640-546 B.C.):

THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY:

THERAVADA BUDDHISM:

THOMAS á KEMPIS (1380-1471):

THOMAS, GOSPEL OF:

THOMAS, M. M. (?):

THOMPSON, Francis (1859-1907):

THOREAU, Henry David (1817-1862):

THUCYDIDES (450-400 B.C.?):

TIBETAN BUDDHISM:

TILLICH, Paul (1886-1965):

TIPIAKA [TRIPIAKA -Sanskrit]:

TOCQUEVILLE, Alex de (1805-1859):

TOLAND, John (1670-1722):

TOLEDOTH YESHU:

TOLSTOY, Leo, (1828-1910):

TORQUEMADA, Tomás de (1420-1498):

TOTAL DEPRAVITY:

TOYNBEE, Arnold Joseph (1889-1975):

TRACTS FOR THE TIMES:

TRADITION DIRECTION:

TRADITIONAL RELIGION:

TRADITIONALIST:

TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION [TM]:

TRANSCENDENTALISM:

TRANSMIGRATION:

TRANSUBSTANTIATION:

TRENT, COUNCIL OF:

TROELTSCH, Ernst (1865-1923):

TURNER, Witter Victor (1920-1986):

TYLOR, Edward Burnett, Sir (1832-1917):

TYNDALE, William (1494-1536):

TYRRELL, George (1861-1909):

collapse section

ULTRAMONTANISM:

UNDERHILL, Evelyn (1875-1941):

UNIFICATION CHURCH:

UNKNOWING, CLOUD OF:

URBAN, II (1042-1099):

URIM AND THUMMIN:

URSULINE ORDER:

USSHER, James (1581-1656):

collapse section

VALENTINE (3rd century):

VALENTINUS (2nd century):

VALLABHA, (1480-1535 ?):

VASUBANDHU (4th century):

VATICAN COUNCIL:

VEDIC RELIGION:

VERIFICATION PRINCIPLE:

VICIOUS CIRCLE:

VICO, Giovannia Battista (1668-1744):

VIRGIL (70-19 B.C.):

VISHNU [Visnu -Sanskrit):

VLADAMIR (956-1015):

VOLTAIRE, [François Marie-Arouet] (1694-1778):

collapse section

WANG YANG-MING (1472-1529):

WARFIELD, Benjamin Breckinridge (1851-1921):

WATTS, Isaac (1674-1748):

WEBER, Max (1864-1920):

WEIL, Simone (1909-1943):

WELLHAUSEN, Julius (1844-1918):

WELTANSCHAUUNG:

WESLEY, Charles (1707-1788):

WESLEY, John (1703-179l):

WESTCOTT, Brooke Foss (1825-1901):

WESTPHALIA, THE PEACE OF:

WHITEHEAD, Alfred North (1861-1947):

WHITFIELD, George (1714-1770):

WILBERFORCE, William (1759-1833):

WILL TO BELIEVE:

WILLIAMS, Charles Walter Stansby (1886-1945):

WISDOM LITERATURE:

WITTGENSTEIN, Ludwig, (1889-1951):

WOLFF, Christian (1679-1754):

WORDSWORTH, Christopher (1807-1885):

WORDSWORTH, William (1770-1850):

WORLD COUNCIL OF CHURCHES:

WORLDWIDE CHURCH OF GOD:

WUNDT, William (1832-1900):

WYCLIFFE, John (1330-1384):

collapse section

XENOPHANES OF COLOPHON (570-470 B.C.):

XENOPHON (430-355 B.C.):

collapse section

YOGIC RELIGION:

YOUNG, Brigham (1801-1877):

collapse section

ZINZENDORF, Nikolaus Ludwig Graf von (1700-1760):

ZION CHRISTIAN CHURCH:

ZOROASTER (6th century B.C.):

ZOROASTRIANISM:

ZWINGLI, Ulrich (1485-1531):

collapse section

Collapse All | Expand All expand section

SUBSTANCE:

a term originating with Greek PHILOSOPHY meaning the underlying and unchanging substratum of a thing that remains apart from apparent changes to its appearance. It is that which everything depends on, or, what is REAL.