University of Virginia catalogue

Junior Class.—This class meets three times a week (4½ hours), and
studies Theory of Arithmetical Notations and Operations; Algebra through
the Binomial Theorem; Geometry, Plane and Solid; Geometrical Analysis,
with numerous exercises for original solution; Elementary Plane Trigonometry,
embracing the solution of Triangles, with the use of Logarithms, and
some applications to problems of "Heights and Distances." The preparation
desirable for it is a good knowledge of Arithmetic, of Algebraic Operations
through Equations of the Second Degree, and of the first three books
of Plane Geometry.

Text-books.—Todhunter's Algebra; Venable's Legendre's Geometry, with collection of
exercises; Todhunter's Trigonometry for Beginners.

Intermediate Class.—This class meets twice a week (3 hours), and
studies Geometrical Analysis, with exercises for original solution; Plane
Trigonometry, with applications; Analytical Geometry of two dimensions;
Spherical Trigonometry, with applications; Elements of the Theory of
Equations. The preparation desirable for this class is a thorough knowledge
of Algebra through the Binomial Theorem and Logarithms; of Synthetic
Geometry, Plane and Solid, with some training in the solution of Geometrical
problems; and a knowledge of the Elements of Plane Trigonometry,
including the use of Logarithmic tables.

Text-books.—Snowball's Trigonometry, Puckle's Conic Sections, The Professor's Collection
of Exercises in Plane Geometry.

Senior Class.—This class meets three times a week (4½ hours), and
studies Analytical Geometry of three dimensions, through the discussion of
the Conicoids and some curves in space; Differential and Integral Calculus,
with various applications; a short course in the Calculus of Variations;
the Theory of Equations; and lectures on the History of Mathematics.

Text-books.—The Professor's Notes on Solid Geometry (Analytical); Todhunter's Differential
Calculus; Williamson's Integral Calculus; Courtenay's Calculus; Todhunter's Theory
of Equations.

Candidates for graduation in Pure Mathematics are required to pursue in
the University the studies of both the Intermediate and Senior Classes.

II. Mixed Mathematics.

This course is designed for those students who may desire to prosecute
their studies beyond the limits of Pure Mathematics. It embraces an extended
course of reading under the instruction and guidance of the Professor on the
applications of the Differential and Integral Calculus to Mechanics, Physical
Astronomy, and selected portions of Physics. The class in Mixed Mathematics
meets once a week.

Text-books.—Price's Infinitesimal Calculus, Vols. II. and III.; Cheyne's Planetary Theory.

The instruction in each class in the School of Mathematics is conveyed
partly by lectures and partly by the systematic study of approved text-books.
The progress of the student in each class is tested constantly by his being
called upon to apply the principles acquired to the independent solution of
selected problems.

SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL ASTRONOMY.

Prof Stone.

The course in this school are arranged primarily for persons proposing to
become practical astronomers. The course in General Astronomy, however,
is adapted to those who desire to pursue the subject as a part of their general
education; while the courses in Celestial Mechanics are recommended to
graduate students in Mathematics. Each class meets twice a week.

The courses pursued are as follows:

I. General Astronomy, with exercises in the use of logarithms and
in the application of trigonometrical formulæ to the solution of astronomical
problems.

Text-book.—Young's General Astronomy.

II. Practical Astronomy, including a systematic training in making
and reducing astronomical observations.

Junior.—Least squares; interpolation; Practical Astronomy as applied to
Geodesy and Navigation.

Senior.—Theory and use of the instruments of a fixed observatory; construction
of star catalogues.

Text-books.—Doolittle's Practical Astronomy; Chauvenet's Spherical and Practical
Astronomy; various memoirs and volumes of observations in the Observatory Library.

III. Celestial Mechanics, with practice in numerical computations.

Junior.—Relations referring to position in orbit and space; determination
of an undisturbed orbit; special perturbations.

Senior.—General laws of equilibrium and motion; formation and
integration of the differential equations of motion of a system of bodies subject
to the law of gravity.

Text-books.—Oppolzer's Lehrbuch zur Bahnbestimmung; Gauss's Theoria Motus; Laplace's
Mécanique Céleste; Dziobek's Mathematische Theorien der Planeten-Bewegungen.

SCHOOL OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.

Prof. Smith.

This School includes two courses, as follows:

I. General Physics.

Junior Class.—The object of the course of lectures to this class is to
furnish the student with an introduction to Modern Physics, and to acquaint
him with its methods of investigation. With the design of laying a thoroughly
scientific basis for the course, a large space is given at the outset to
the discussion of the cardinal doctrines of motion, force, energy, and potential,
and to their simpler applications in the pressure and motion of visible
masses.

With this preparation the student proceeds to the subject of Molecular
Physics, embracing Sound, Light, Heat, and Electricity. Throughout the
course the laws of motion and force are kept steadily in view, and an attempt
is made to exhibit the evidence, daily becoming stronger and clearer, for the
belief prevalent among scientists that the entire body of Physics is a coherent
and harmonious system of mechanical truth.

Members of the Junior Class are admitted at suitable times to the Physical
Laboratory, where they repeat and extend the experiments of the lecture-room.
Such exercise is entirely optional. Experience shows that this
privilege is highly valued and extensively used.

Text-books.—The Professor's Syllabus; Everett's Units and Physical Constants. For
reference: Anthony and Brackett's Text-book of Physics.

Senior Class.—This class studies selected portions of Mathematical
Physics. The members of the class are required to spend from one to two
months in the Physical Laboratory.

Text-books.—Cumming's Electricity; Everett's Wave Motion; Glazebrook's Physical Optics;
Glazebrook's Practical Physics; Notes and Problems given by the Professor.

Candidates for graduation in Natural Philosophy are required to attend
only the foregoing classes.

II. Practical Physics.

This course is for students preparing to become teachers of science, or
desiring to push their studies in Physics beyond the limits of the undergraduate
course. The instruction is partly theoretical and partly experimental,
embracing the following topics:

Theoretical.—Reduction of observations; Graphical representation of
results; Interpolation; Method of Least Squares; Essays on prescribed Physical
topics.

Experimental.—In this, the main portion of the course, the student
will learn physical manipulation, and the use of instruments by actual practice
in the Physical Laboratory. (See page 65.) (1.) Lecture-room Apparatus
and Lecture-room Experiments. (2.) Physical Measurements and
"Instruments of Precision."

Text-books.—Chauvenet's Method of Least Squares; Kohlrausch's Physical Measurements.

SCHOOL OF GENERAL AND INDUSTRIAL
CHEMISTRY.

Prof. Mallet.

In this School there are two courses, as follows:

I. General Chemistry.

This course consists of three lectures a week throughout the session. The
fundamental ideas of chemical science, the relations of Chemistry to Physics,
the laws regulating chemical combination by weight and by volume, the
atomic theory as at present viewed in connection with Chemistry, the chemical

3 nomenclature and symbols now in use, and a general survey of the descriptive
chemistry of the elements and their compounds, inorganic and organic, are
brought forward in order, with incidental allusion to the applications in
medicine, the arts and manufactures, of the facts mentioned.

Text-books.—Fownes's Chemistry (last edition). Recommended for reference: Roscoe
and Schorlemmer's (or Miller's) Elements of Chemistry; Watts's Dictionary of Chemistry.

II. Industrial Chemistry.

This course, in which also three lectures a week are delivered, examines in
detail the chemical principles and processes specially concerned in the more
important arts and manufactures, upon which in large measure depends the
development of the natural resources of the country, the opportunity being
thus presented of preparation for such positions as those of the miner and
metallurgist, the chemical manufacturer, the dyer, bleacher, tanner, sugar
refiner, etc.

Text-book.—Wagner's Chemical Technology. Recommended for Reference: Richardson
and Watts's Chemical Technology; Muspratt's Chemistry as Applied to Arts and Manufactures;
Ure's Dictionary of Arts and Manufactures; Girardin's Leçons de Chimie Élémentaire
appliquée aux Arts Industriels; Percy's Metallurgy, etc.

The lectures in both these courses are illustrated by suitable experiments,
and by such specimens, models, drawings, etc., as the various subjects
require. The collections of the University in illustration of the processes and
products of Industrial Chemistry have been procured at much expense and
pains in this country, England, France, and Germany, and are unusually
extensive and good—amongst the best on this side of the Atlantic. (See
page 68.)

In both courses there are one or more reviews each week of the subjects
under discussion, involving questions put by, as well as to, the students; and
exercises in writing are from time to time given out to afford practice in the
calculations which are needed by the chemist.

SCHOOL OF ANALYTICAL AND AGRICULTURAL
CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACY.

Prof. Dunnington.

The regular work of this School, constituting a complete course in Practical
Chemistry, is arranged in two divisions, as follows:

I. A regularly-arranged course in Chemical Manipulation is first given.
This is followed by Blowpipe Analysis and Fire Assays of ores of lead, silver
and gold. A systematic course in Inorganic Qualitative Analysis follows

with practice in the analysis of mixtures of salts, alloys, ores, and so on,
and in Determinative Mineralogy. Instruction in the elements of Quantitative
Analysis completes this division of the course, which extends over the
first half session.

II. The work of the second division is an extended course of Quantitative
Analysis, both gravimetric and volumetric. The student determines the
composition of ores, minerals, clays, soils, building-stones, manures, technical
products, and so on.

As he advances in the course he is encouraged to undertake original
research and assisted in its prosecution; and in determining his fitness for
graduation, work of this sort is considered as having great weight.

Among the works recommended to laboratory students are: Fresenius's Qualitative and
Quantitative Analysis; Greville Williams's Hand-book of Chemical Manipulation; Woehler's
Examples for Practice in Chemical Analysis; Von Kobell's Tafeln zur Bestimmung der
Mineralien (also in English translation); Odling's Practical Chemistry for Medical Students;
A. Classen's Elementary Quantitative Analysis.

Five lessons are given each week, and the Laboratory is open to students
six days in the week during all the working hours of the day.

Students may matriculate either for the Full Course or for the First Course;
but candidates for graduation are required to complete the Full Course.
Those who accomplish it are prepared for work as Analytical Chemists,
Assayers or Teachers of Chemistry.

In addition to the foregoing the following Special Courses are given in
this School. They are open without additional charge to the regular students
of the School. For fees to others, see page 67.

1. A laboratory course on Determinative Mineralogy for students of
Engineering, embracing Blowpipe Analysis, Determinative Mineralogy, and
the application of chemical processes to the examination of clays, building-stones,
potable waters, and other materials employed in Engineering.

2. A laboratory course of sixteen lessons on the Medical Applications
of Chemistry; the detection of poisons, the chemical and microscopical
examination of urine and blood, and so on.

3. A laboratory course of twelve lessons in Practical Pharmacy,
including the compounding and dispensing of drugs.

4. A lecture course of twenty-four lessons on Agricultural Chemistry,
including the chemical and physical properties of the atmosphere, of soils
and of plants; the chemistry of the processes of vegetable life; the chemical
composition and preparation of manures, and so on. This course is
open without charge to farmers.

Text-books.—Johnston and Cameron's Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology
(12th edition). For Reference: Johnson's How Crops Grow; Johnson's How Crops Feed;
Lupton's Elementary Principles of Scientific Agriculture

CORCORAN SCHOOL OF GEOLOGY.

Prof. Fontaine.

In this School there are two regular classes—Geology and Mineralogy.

I. Geology.—This subject is taught during the entire session, and three
lectures a week are devoted to it until the examination in Mineralogy, which
takes place usually in the latter part of February; thereafter five lectures a
week are given to Geology until the final examination, which takes place
late in April. The aim of the course of instruction is to give as thorough
an exposition of the fundamental principles of the science as possible, and
to teach the student how to use them in practical work in the field.

Text-book.—Le Conte's Elements of Geology. For Reference: Dana's Manual, and
Lyell's Elements and Principles of Geology. The teaching is chiefly by lecture.

II. Mineralogy.—This subject is studied until the intermediate examination
in February. Two lectures a week are devoted to it. Special attention
is paid to crystallography, as well as to the chemical and physical
properties of minerals. In Descriptive Mineralogy, the mode of occurrence,
the geological importance and relations of the species are made prominent.

Text-book.—Dana's Manual of Mineralogy and Lithology. For Reference: Dana's Textbook
of Mineralogy. The teaching is chiefly by lecture.

The large and carefully-selected collections of geological and mineralogical
objects found in the Lewis Brooks Museum of Natural History (see page
64) afford unsurpassed facilities for the full illustration of the principles
taught. As free access to these collections is allowed the student, he can
find in their study an opportunity, rarely obtained, for gaining a practical
acquaintance with natural objects acquired from various parts of the world,
and chosen for their typical character. These collections are especially useful
to students pursuing graduate courses of study in Geology and Mineralogy.

The Professor, when the number of applicants is sufficient, organizes a
party for Geological exploration. The field work is done in the month of
July, and is entirely optional with the students. Persons engaged in the
study of Geology and Mineralogy may, although not members of the University
class, with the consent of the Professor, and on paying $25 to the
Proctor, join the exploring party.

MILLER SCHOOL OF BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE.

Prof. Tuttle.

The work of this School is specially designed to meet the wants of two
classes of students: those who desire such knowledge of the principles of

Biology as will prepare them for an intelligent study of the relations of
Biology to Agriculture, as well as of the principles of Agriculture regarded
as a practical application of biological knowledge; and those who seek
such knowledge of the facts and laws of Biology and the methods of biological
research as will fit them for independent work as students or as teachers
of that science. In accordance with this plan, two courses are offered, as
follows:

Junior Class—General Biology.—This work is alike in both courses;
all who enter the School are required to pursue it as a preparation for
advanced work in either course. Two lectures a week and associated laboratory
work throughout the session are devoted to it. Its object is to
make known the fundamental facts and laws of plant and animal life by
means of the direct study in the Laboratory of a series of representative
forms, the accompanying lectures being explanatory of and supplemental
to the practical work of the student.

The first part of the session is occupied with the study of representative
animals. The latter portion is given to the study of plants, including a
course in Descriptive and Systematic Botany: this division of the work is so
planned that it may be pursued independently of the work of the first part
of the year.

The course in General Biology, while primarily intended as an introduction
to the special courses of the School, is so arranged that it may be profitably
pursued by students who seek an elementary knowledge only of this
science, either as a part of their general education, or more particularly as a
preparation for the studies of the Medical Department.

Text-books.—Huxley and Martin's Elementary Biology (Howe's edition); Bessey's Botany;
Gray's Manual of Botany; Chapman's Botany of the Southern United States.

The advanced work of the course in Biology and Agriculture is as follows:

Intermediate Class—Practical Biology.—Two lectures a week
throughout the session are devoted to the subjects of Economic Botany,
including a discussion of cultivated plants, noxious weeds, fungi and other
vegetable parasites, and of the causes of disease in plants; and Economic
Zoology, including a similar discussion of the animals of practical importance
to the farmer, insects injurious and beneficial, external and internal
parasites, and the anatomy and physiology of the domesticated animals.

Books of reference from the University Library will be indicated for collateral
reading in connection with the various topics discussed.

Senior Class—Principles of Agriculture.—Two lectures a week
throughout the session are devoted to the discussion of the laws of plant-growth
and nutrition and of soils, drainage and tillage, the use of fertilizers,
the rotation of crops, and other subjects connected with the theory and practice
of the art of Agriculture, including a critical discussion of the methods
of agricultural experimentation and an analysis of the results and teachings
of such experiments.

Text books.—Johnson's How Crops Grow, and How Crops Feed; Storer's Agriculture.

The advanced work of the course in Biology is as follows:

Intermediate Class—Zoology.—Two lectures a week and associated
laboratory work throughout the session are devoted to the study of the animal
kingdom; the morphology and classification of animals as indicated by
their structural affinities and embryological histories being discussed, and one
or more leading groups being considered in detail.

Text-books.—Claus's Zoology (Sedgwick's translation); Haddon's Practical Embryology;
Brooks's Hand-book of Invertebrate Zoology.

Senior Class—Comparative Anatomy.—Two lectures a week with
associated laboratory work throughout the session are devoted to the anatomy
and histology of Vertebrates, one or more systems of organs being discussed
and examined both in the adult and the developing organism.

Text books.—Wiedersheim's Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates (Parker's translation);
Parker's Zootomy; Flower's Osteology of Mammalia; Foster and Balfour's Practical Embryology.

GRADUATE COURSES.

School of Mathematics.—The graduate course includes the course
of Mixed Mathematics, with advanced studies in Modern Higher Geometry,
Infinitesimal Calculus, and Higher Algebra. For those candidates for the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy who select the Mathematics as their chief
study, the graduate course will extend through two sessions.

School of Practical Astronomy.—A prescribed course in this School,
to be agreed upon in a conference of the Professors interested, will be considered
as the equivalent of the graduate course in either Mathematics or
Natural Philosophy for graduates of these schools.

School of Natural Philosophy.—The graduate studies are those of
the Course in Practical Physics.

School of General and Industrial Chemistry.—The principal part
of the graduate course will consist of laboratory work on subjects of original
investigation. Advanced reading may also be prescribed, especially in the
shape of the bibliography of particular topics, to be looked up from various
sources and condensed by the student.

School of Analytical and Agricultural Chemistry.—The graduate
course comprises practice in the more elaborate processes of analysis, study
of methods of analysis, and original investigations in the composition of
rare minerals and technical products presenting scientific or economic
interest.

School of Natural History and Geology.—In this School subjects
will be selected from one or both of the branches included in the School,
and assigned to the students. As far as possible, original research will be
required in the treatment of the subjects chosen.

School of Biology and Agriculture.—Graduate work is offered for
students who have completed either of the advanced courses. It will consist
of original investigations of Biological Problems of practical or scientific
interest, under the direction of the Professor. Subjects of research will be
assigned to each student individually.

N. B.—Graduation in a School is a prerequisite to admission to the
advanced Graduate Course of that School. For admission to a graduate
course in the School of General and Industrial Chemistry, or in the School
of Analytical and Agricultural Chemistry, previous graduation in both the
schools named will be required; but this part of the requirement may be
waived, provided satisfactory evidence be furnished that the student has
already made equivalent attainments elsewhere.

University of Virginia Library

SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT.

SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS.

Prof. Venable.

I. Pure Mathematics.