 | University of Virginia annual announcements, with a catalogue of the officers and students of the University of Virginia |  |
ACADEMICAL SCHOOLS.
LITERARY DEPARTMENT.
WILLIAM E. PETERS, LL. D., Professor of Latin.
MILTON W. HUMPHREYS, M. A., Ph. D., LL. D., Professor of Greek.
M. SCHELE DE VERE, Ph. D., J. U. D., Professor of Modern Languages.
JAMES M. GARNETT, M. A., LL. D., Professor of English.
GEORGE FREDERICK HOLMES, LL. D., Professor of Historical Science.
NOAH K. DAVIS, M. A., Ph. D., LL. D., Professor of Moral Philosophy.
WM. H. PERKINSON, Ph. B., Instructor in Modern Languages.
ROBERT S. RADFORD, Instructor in Latin and Greek.
SCHOOL OF LATIN.
Prof. Peters.
The School of Latin is divided into two classes, Junior and Senior.
Junior Class.—A student who is able to read Cæsar or Virgil, and
has a proper acquaintance with the Forms, is prepared to enter this
class. The class begins with Sallust, or a writer of like difficulty. Systematic
attention is given to the study of the Forms. The Syntactical
work is the study of the Case-relations, the exact force of the Tenses,
and a consecutive outline of the connections in which the Subjunctive
Mood is required. Principles and facts explained are applied by frequent
exercises in Latin Composition. The reading is confined to
selected portions of Sallust, Cicero, Livy, and Horace. A limited
amount from each author is prescribed for private reading. For the
examinations, passages are selected for translation from the Latin assigned
as private reading. There are two examinations—the Intermediate,
held about the middle of the session, the Final, at its close. The
examinations are conducted in writing.
Senior Class.—This class commences with Juvenal or Livy, and
reads during the session selected portions of Juvenal, Livy, Cicero, Seneca,
Tacitus or a play of Plautus. The Case-relations are reviewed, and
the Syntax of the Verb is systematically presented. Latin versification is
theoretical acquaintance with this subject is insufficient. Prompt identification
and correct recitation of every variety of Latin verse is insisted
upon. A very prominent place is assigned to Latin Composition, as an
indispensable means of acquiring an exact knowledge of the Language.
Portions of the authors read in the Lecture-room are designated as
parallel and private reading. The object of parallel reading is to enable
a student to acquire a more copious vocabulary than is furnished
by the limited amount of Latin read in the Lecture-room, and to afford
a wider field for the application of the principles explained in the Lectures.
In this class there are two examinations — one occurring about
the middle of the session, the second at its close. The examinations
are conducted in writing. For the second or Final examination, passages
for translation are selected partly from the parallel and partly
from Latin which the class has not read. In this class due attention
is given to Roman History and Literature.
Text-Books.—Any approved editions of the authors above named.
Grammars:—Gildersleeve's, Syntax of the Verb by the Professor, Printed Lectures
by the Professor on the Latin Cases and Versification.
History:—Liddell's, with Long's or any approved Atlas.
Literature:—Bender's, as a Hand-book and Guide, supplemented by Lectures.
Sanskrit.—The Professor will also give instruction in the elements
of Sanskrit whenever a sufficient number of students desire it.
SCHOOL OF GREEK.
Prof. Humphreys.
The School is organized in three classes, the Junior, the Intermediate,
and the Senior. The method of instruction is by lectures, by daily
examination upon the matter of the lectures and upon assigned portions
of the text-books, and by written and oral exercises.
A full knowledge of the regular Attic inflections and some experience
in translation are necessary as a preparation for the Junior
Class. Two books of Xenophon's Anabasis, or some suitable equivalent,
may be regarded as a proper amount of preparatory reading.
Diligent students inadequately prepared often make good progress with
the aid of a Licentiate. (See p. 75.)
The Junior Class is intended to give a practical familiarity with the
simpler Attic prose. The Grammar is rapidly but carefully reviewed;
for translation into Greek, sentences are given out which involve the
vocabulary and the idioms of the Greek texts studied. The authors
read are Xenophon (parts of the Memorabilia and of the Cyropedia),
and Lysias. The Geography and Political History of Greece are
taught in this class.
The Intermediate Class, for which the Junior course, or some
equivalent, is the appropriate preparation, continues the study of Attic
prose usage, and gives an introduction to authors of great literary importance
who wrote in other dialects. Weekly exercises for translation
into Greek are given, each a passage of simple but idiomatic English
based on a Greek author. Selected portions of the Grammar are
closely studied and the whole syntax is reviewed. The authors read
are Lysias, Herodotus, and Homer. Instruction in Greek Antiquities
is given in this class.
The Senior Class demands such attainments as may be acquired in
the two lower classes, or an equivalent. The main purpose of the instruction
is to introduce students, as far as practicable, to the masterpieces
of the literature of Athens. The authors read this session are
Demosthenes, Plato, Sophocles, Thucydides, Aristophanes, and the
fragments of the Lyric Poets. The Syntax of the Greek Verb is discussed,
and courses of lectures are given upon Metres and the History
of Greek Literature. The weekly exercises are partly based on ancient
authors and partly taken from standard English writers.
Text-books.—Liddell and Scott's Greek Lexicon, Veitch's Greek Verbs, Hadley's Greek
Grammar, Goodwin's Greek Moods and Tenses, Smith's History of Greece, Fyffe's Primer
of Greek History, Tozer's Primer of Ancient Geography, Mahaffy's Primer of Greek Antiquities,
and the Teubner (or Weidmann) text editions of the authors read. The Junior Class
uses Goodwin's Grammar.
For each class a course of private reading is prescribed.
The state of preparation of a student joining the school may often
make it expedient to take two classes at once.
In the examination of candidates for graduation, all the subjects
taught in the School are involved, and the passages set for translation
are selected from the classic writers at will.
Hebrew.—Elementary instruction in Hebrew is given when the demand
for such instruction is sufficient. During the present session
such instruction is given by Rev. James M. Rawlings, the Licentiate
in Hebrew.
SCHOOL OF MODERN LANGUAGES.
Prof. Schele De Vere.
The subjects taught in this School are as follows:
1. The French, German, Spanish, and Italian languages. A number
of classic and of modern authors are read in the class, to practice the
pronunciation, to acquire facility in prompt rendering of the foreign
idiom, and to appreciate the literary beauties of eminent writers. A
much larger number of works, mainly by modern authors, are expected
to be read privately, in order to acquire that familiarity with
foreign writers which enables the student to judge of the difference in
style and diction in individuals, and in various periods of literature.
At every meeting of the class, moreover, a lecture is delivered, and
to a large extent illustrated by examples and quotations, written on the
blackboard, so that the eye and the ear may mutually assist each other.
In these lectures the Grammar and the Syntax of each idiom is discussed
in a manner varying according to the state of preparation of
each class. The treatment is mainly historical: the words, the sentences
and the general structure being exhibited as they gradually
developed themselves from the earliest efforts made by the infant nation
to the highest results obtained in its so-called Golden Age.
These lectures are again accompanied by weekly exercises, translations
from the vernacular into foreign idioms. They furnish the Professor
with evidence of the success or want of success with which he
has tried to explain the rules and the usages of each language. After
having been carefully marked, they are returned to the student, and
then written, in correct form, on the blackboard. The Professor, as he
writes there, accompanies them with a running commentary on the
various rules that have been violated or misunderstood.
At stated intervals the Professor reads aloud, so as to train the ear;
at others, he dictates extracts from foreign writers for the same purpose.
After the classes have become somewhat familiar with the language
they are given a series of lectures treating of the History of the idiom.
Its forms, its structure and its spiritual characteristics are carefully
traced through the different periods of their history, and minutely compared
with each other. This gives an opportunity for instruction in
the fundamental rules of the Science of Language, to which much attention
is given. These lectures are followed by another course on the
Literature of each idiom. The different periods of the literature are
works of the principal writers of each age. The parallelism between
the national growth of a people and its literary proficiency is constantly
pointed out.
After each lecture the Professor remains some time in the lecture
room to meet informally such students as desire additional information.
Diplomas of graduation are conferred in each of the four languages
named above; and upon the student who succeds in French and German
a diploma of graduation in the School of Modern Languages is
conferred.
2. The study of Anglo-Saxon is mainly pursued in its aspect as the
mother of English, furnishing the student the means of tracing the
history of his native tongue from its earliest beginning. Much attention
is given to the illustration of the history of words, their birth,
their fate under the rule of the Norman, and their subsequent modifications.
Whilst the student is furnished with a key to the rich and
historically invaluable literature of our forefathers, he is at the same
time given an opportunity to learn the inner nature, the inherent power
and the right to supremacy awarded to his native tongue. Extracts
from Anglo-Saxon writers are read, and the bearing of their works on
the history of our race is explained.
Certificates of Proficiency are conferred in Anglo-Saxon.
The following text-books are used in the several languages:
French.
Junior Class.—The Professor's Grammar and First Reader, Whitney's Grammar, Télémaque,
Saintine's Picciola, Masson's Dictionary.
Senior Class.—The Professor's Grammar, Brachet's Grammar, Molière, Racine, Voltaire,
Taine's L'Angleterre, Masson's, Gasc's, or Littré's Dictionary. A course of private reading
is prescribed. Prof. J. A. Harrison's French Syntax is recommended.
German.
Junior Class.—Whitney's Grammar, Whitney's Reader, Schiller's William Tell, Whitney's
Dictionary.
Senior Class.—Whitney's and Wilmans' or Frauer's (German) Grammar, Whitney's
Dictionary, Schiller's Works, Gœthe's Torquato Tasso and Faust, Jean Paul's Flegeljahre.
A course of private reading is prescribed.
Spanish.
The Professor's Grammar, Seoane's Dictionary, Velasquez' Reader, Breton's La Independencia,
Don Quijote, Calderon's El Principe Constante, Lope's Estrella de Sevilla, Ticknor's
History of Spanish Literature. In default of the Professor's Grammar, now out of print,
Knapp's Spanish Grammar will be used.
Italian.
Cuore's Grammar, Foresti's Reader, Manzoni's I Promessi Sposi, Tasso's Gerusalemme
Liberata, Pellico's Le Mie Prigioni, Petrarca, Dante's La Divinia Commedia.
Anglo-Saxon.
Shute's Manual of Anglo-Saxon, or Sweet's Primer, The Professor's Studies in English,
March's Anglo-Saxon Grammar (for reference), the Anglo-Saxon Gospels.
SCHOOL OF ENGLISH.
Prof. Garnett.
Instruction in this School is given in three classes:
I. The Class of Early English.—In this class the historical and
philological study of the language is pursued, the class beginning with
its oldest forms, and tracing the language, by the study of specimens
through its different periods to the formation of modern English. After
a thorough study of the grammar, selected pieces of Old and Middle
English prose and poetry are read, both in class and privately, with a
view to acquiring a philological knowledge of the origin and structure
of English. Lectures on the position of English in the Indo-European
family of languages, and on the history of the language, are also given,
Text-books.—Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Reader; Morris and Skeat's Specimens of Early English,
Parts I and II, or Sweet's First and Second Middle English Primers. For reference.—
Cook's Sievers's Grammar of Old English; Kington-Oliphant's Old and Middle English.
II. The Class of Modern English.—In this class the study of the
later language, i. e., from Chaucer, is pursued, and Shakspere is made a
special subject of study. The critical study of a play of Shakspere,
with private reading of about one-third of the plays, is followed by similar
study of selected works of later authors. Lectures on the history
of the Elizabethan drama and on the history of the later language
are given.
Text-books.—For 1888-'89, Romeo and Juliet (Rolfe's edition); Dowden's Shakspere
Primer; Abbott's Shaksperian Grammar; Hale's Longer English Poems, Lounsbury's History
of the English Language. For reference.—The Globe Shakspere and Fleay's Shakspere
Manual; Keltie's British Dramatists.
III. The Class of Rhetoric and English Literature.—In this
class the principles of Composition and Rhetoric are first studied, and
then the study of the history of English Literature is taken up. Along
with study of the text-books, selected works of authors are assigned
on each subject are given in connection with the text-books.
Text-books.—Genung's Practical Elements of Rhetoric; Nicoll's Landmarks of English
Literature; Ward's English Poets. For reference.—Minto's Manual of English Prose Literature;
Saintsbury's Specimens of English Prose Style.
Each class meets twice a week, and may be attended separately; but
graduation in I. and III., or II. and III., will be necessary for a diploma
in the School.
N. B. Books marked "For reference" are used at the option of the
student.
CORCORAN SCHOOL OF HISTORICAL SCIENCE.
Prof. Holmes.
In this School are two classes—one of General History, the other
of the Processes of Historical Change. Either class may be taken
separately, or either branch of the latter class.
I General History.—In this class the story of advancing civilization
is followed through the succession of the leading nations, from the
commencement of authentic and continuous history to the Age of
Revolution still in progress. An effort is made to impress the vital
connection of nation with nation, of generation with generation, and of
anterior with ensuing conditions of historical development. The rise,
the decline and the fall of States are referred to their causes. The political,
intellectual and social condition of the people in the more prominent
periods is carefully expounded; and the sources of their power
and prosperity, or of their weakness and impoverishment are noted, so
far as the necessary limitation of the subject will permit. The object
contemplated is to present the human family in History as an organic
unity, all of whose parts at all times, and through all successions, are
thoroughly interdependent.
Text-books.—Smith's History of Greece; Merivale's History of Rome (abridged by Puller);
Gibbon, History of the Decline and Fall of Rome (abridged by Smith); Lodge, Modern History;
Labberton's New History and Historical Atlas.
II. The other class embraces Political Economy and the Science of
Society, Political Economy being considered as a subordinate branch of
social investigation.
I. Political Economy.—In the treatment of this department of knowledge,
there is no rigid adherence to the school of Smith, Ricardo, and
of productive inventions and productive operations is steadily regarded.
Attention is paid to the inquiries and criticism of Thornton, Cairnes,
Jevons, etc.; and the altered views propounded by Laveleye, Walker,
and the school of the Cathedrists are duly considered.
Text-book.—Mill's Political Economy (abridged by McLaughlin). For consultation.—
Walker's Political Economy (advanced course).
2. Science of Society.—The latter half of the course in this class is
devoted to the Science of Society.
In this is prosecuted the investigation of the laws and movements, the
growth, decay and constitution of Societies, in the different phases and
stages of social development. The necessary organic functions of society
are studied in their several forms. They are also regarded in their reciprocal
relations and in their conjoint action in successive forms of civilization.
All systems are interpreted: no ideal constitution is contemplated.
The course is descriptive of processes by which experienced
results have been obtained: not speculative in advocacy of theoretic
dreams.
The Class is dependent on notes on the Lectures, as no text-book exists.
SCHOOL OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY.
Prof. Davis.
There are two classes, best taken in two successive sessions:
I. The class in Logic studies Deductive Logic, Inductive Logic, and
Applied Logic. Two lectures a week.
Text-books.—The Professor's Logic, Mill on Induction, Whately's Rhetoric, Jevons's Principles
of Science.
II. The class in Philosophy studies Psychology, Ethics, and History
of Philosophy. Three lectures a week.
Text-books.—The Professor's Psychology, Hamilton's Metaphysics, Janet's La Morale,
Lotze's Grundsätze der Praktischen Philosophie, Kant's Theory of Ethics, Ueberweg's History
of Philosophy.
GRADUATE COURSES.
School of Latin.—This work is intended for students who desire
to pursue their Latin studies beyond the requirements for graduation.
The value of the course to a student who proposes to teach, or who desires
to equip himself for original investigation in the language, cannot
him with the language in its several periods. An extensive course of
reading is prescribed, and subjects for independent investigation are from
time to time assigned. The Lecture-room exercises consist in translation
and the discussion by the student of the passage translated. He is
invited to propound such questions to the Professor, or to a member of
the class, as he would to a pupil. In addition, a careful translation
from some one of the best Latin prose writers is prepared, and the student
is required at once to write on the blackboard his Latin rendering
of it, and to give his reasons as well for the periods as for the syntactical
constructions employed. Though it requires at least two years to
complete this course, yet one year given to it abundantly repays the
student, as the greater part of the first year of the course is devoted to
the Archaic period of the language, which cannot be considered to any
great extent in the course for graduation.
School of Greek.—This course is designed primarily for those who
intend to become teachers of the classical languages, and who desire
a thorough introduction to Greek philology as a part of their professional
equipment. With such students the professor will read and
discuss the more difficult Greek authors. Courses of private reading
are marked out, including important text-books and monographs; and
by systematic lectures, as well as by constant supervision and advice,
the professor will aid and direct the student's endeavors. As an exercise
in the independent investigation of philological problems, each
student is from time to time expected to prepare a paper, discussing
thoroughly some topic selected by himself. Constant practice is given
in Greek composition.
School of Modern Languages.—Graduates in this school who wish
to extend the study of any one of the idioms there taught (including
Anglo-Saxon) beyond the limits of the under-graduate course, and candidates
for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, are expected to do the
following work: They will read additional foreign authors, pursue the
study of Comparative Philology till mastery is secured, and write
monthly essays on kindred subjects, which must give proof of original
research. A thorough knowledge of at least one ancient language,
and graduation in two modern languages, are deemed prerequisite.
Candidates for honors will, however, have the choice between the
two methods of comparing idioms—either by tracing out the kinship
as the Romance, the Germanic or the Slavic, in their lexical, grammatical
or psychological nature; or by comparing with each other the different
aspects borne by one and the same idiom in its successive periods
of life. The writings of Diez, Hovelacque, Sayce, Max Müller, and
others, are carefully studied; and the final result of the whole course
of study is to be shown in a concluding dissertation specially written
for the degree, and evidencing original thought.
School of English.—In this School two separate graduate courses
will be arranged to suit the needs of those students who desire to pursue
further either philological or literary studies. The former will comprise
the further study of Anglo-Saxon and Middle English works,
especially of Anglo-Saxon poetry, or the study of Gothic and the comparative
grammar of the Teutonic languages. The latter will comprise
the study of some distinctive period in English literature, or of some
particular writer, or writers, including the political, social, and literary
characteristics of the age under consideration. In each course a thesis
will be required, giving evidence of independent private study of some
subject cognate with the course pursued, in addition to such examinations
as may be advisable. The selection of the course and subject is
left to the student himself, under guidance of the Professor.
School of Historical Science.—The graduate course in this School
for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy will be varied from year to year,
but will always be designed to train the student in original research
and systematic exposition of the results. Some historical period, with
the accompanying social, political and intellectual development of the
people, will be made the subject of study. Such instructions and directions
as may be required to render these pursuits efficacious will be
given throughout the session.
School of Moral Philosophy.—The history of philosophy, ancient
and modern, with a special study of Aristotle and Kant.
N. B. Graduation in a School is prerequisite to admission to the advanced
Graduate Course of that School.
SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT.
CHARLES S. VENABLE, LL. D., Professor of Mathematics.
FRANCIS H. SMITH, M. A., LL. D., Professor of Natural Philosophy.
JOHN W. MALLET, Ph. D., M. D., LL. D., F. R. S., Professor of Chemistry.
F. P. DUNNINGTON, B. S., Professor of Analytical Chemistry.
WILLIAM M. FONTAINE, M. A., Professor of Natural History and Geology.
. . . . . Professor of Biology and Agriculture.
ORMOND STONE, M. A., Professor of Practical Astronomy.
JAMES S. MILLER, Instructor in Mathematics and Physics.
SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS.
Prof. Venable.
This School embraces two courses, as follows:
I. Pure Mathematics.
Junior Class.—This class meets three times a week (4½ hours) and
studies Theory of Arithmetical Notations and Operations; Algebra,
through the Binomial Theorem; Geometry, Plane and Solid; Geometrical
Analysis, with numerous exercises for original solution; Elementary
Plane Trigonometry, embracing the solution of Triangles, with the
use of Logarithms, and some applications to problems of "Heights and
Distances." The preparation desirable for it is a good knowledge of
Arithmetic, of Algebraic Operations through Equations of the Second
Degree, and of the first three books of Plane Geometry.
Text-books.—Todhunter's Algebra; Venable's Legendre's Geometry, with collection of exercises;
Todhunter's Trigonometry for Beginners.
Intermediate Class.—This class meets twice a week (3 hours) and
studies Geometrical Analysis, with exercises for original solution;
Plane Trigonometry, with applications; Analytical Geometry of two
dimensions; Spherical Trigonometry, with applications; Elements of
the Theory of Equations. The preparation desirable for this class is a
thorough knowledge of Algebra through the Binomial Theorem, and
Logarithms; of Synthetic Geometry, Plane and Solid, with some training
of Plane Trigonometry, including the use of logarithmic tables
Text-books.—Snowball's Trigonometry, Puckle's Conic Sections, the Professor's Collection
of Exercises in Plane Geometry.
Senior Class.—This class meets three times a week (4½ hours) and
studies Analytical Geometry of three dimensions, through the discussion
of the Conicoids and some Curves in Space; Differential and
Integral Calculus, with various applications; a short course in the Calculus
of Variations; the Theory of Equations; and lectures on the
History of Mathematics.
Text-books.—The Professor's Notes on Solid Geometry (Analytical); Todhunter's Differential
Calculus; Williamson's Integral Calculus; Todhunter's Theory of Equations.
Candidates for graduation in Pure Mathematics are required to pursue
in the University the studies of both the Intermediate and Senior
Classes.
II. Mixed Mathematics.
This course is designed for those students who may desire to prosecute
their studies beyond the limits of Pure Mathematics. It embraces
an extended course of reading under the instruction and guidance of
the Professor on the applications of the Differential and Integral Calculus
to Mechanics, Physical Astronomy, and selected portions of Physics.
The class in Mixed Mathematics meets twice a week (3 hours).
Text-books.—Price's Infinitesimal Calculus, Vols. II. and III.; Cheyne's Planetary Theory.
The instruction in each class in the School of Mathematics is conveyed
partly by lectures and partly by the systematic study of approved
text-books. The progress of the student in each class is tested
constantly by his being called upon to apply the principles acquired to
the independent solution of selected problems.
SCHOOL OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.
Prof. Smith.
This school includes two courses, as follows:
I. General Physics.
Junior Class.—The object of the course of lectures to this class is to
furnish the student with a comprehensive view of Modern Physics, and
to make him familiar with its methods of investigation. With the design
of laying a thoroughly scientific basis for the course, a large space
is given at the outset to the discussion of the cardinal doctrines of motion,
force, energy, and potential, and to their simpler applications in the
pressure and motion of visible masses.
With this preparation the student proceeds to the subject of Molecular
Physics, embracing Sound, Light, Heat, and Electricity. Throughout
the course the laws of motion and force are kept steadily in view,
and an attempt is made to exhibit the evidence, daily becoming stronger
and clearer, for the belief prevalent among scientists, that the entire
body of Physics is a coherent and harmonious system of mechanical
truth.
Members of the Junior Class are admitted at convenient times to the
Physical Laboratory, where they may repeat and extend the experiments
of the lecture-room. Such exercise is entirely optional. Experience
shows that this privilege is highly valued and extensively used.
Text-books.—The Professor's Syllabus; Everett's Units and Physical Constants; Daniell's
Physics.
Senior Class.—This class studies selected portions of Mathematical
Physics, and Spherical Astronomy. The members of the class are
required to spend from one to two months in the Physical Laboratory.
Text-books.—Cummings' Electricity; Everett's Wave Motion; Glazebrook's Physical Optics;
Glazebrook's Practical Physics; Norton's Astronomy; Notes and Problems given by the
Professor.
Candidates for graduation in Natural Philosophy are required to attend
only the foregoing classes.
II. Practical Physics.
This course is for students preparing to become teachers of science,
and for those who, for other reasons, desire to push their studies in
Physics beyond the limits of the under-graduate course. The instruction
topics:
Theoretical.—Reduction of observations; Graphical representation
of results; Interpolation; Method of Least Squares; Essays on prescribed
Physical topics.
Experimental.—In this, the main portion of the course, the student
will learn physical manipulation, and the use of instruments by actual
practice.
(1). Lecture-room Apparatus and Lecture-room Experiments.
(2). Physical measurements and "instruments of precision." Cathetometer;
Spherometer; Dividing Engine; Goniometer; Balance; Syren;
Monochord; Revolving Mirror; Photometer; Microscope; Spectroscope
Diffraction-bench; Polariscope; Electrometer; Galvanometer;
Magnetometer; Meteorological instruments, with daily use of the same.
Text-books.—Chauvenet's Method of Least Squares; Kohlrausch's Physical Measurements.
SCHOOL OF GENERAL AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY.
Prof. Mallet.
In this School there are two courses, as follows:
I. General Chemistry.
This course consists of three lectures a week throughout the session.
The fundamental ideas of chemical science, the relations of Chemistry
to Physics, the laws regulating chemical combination by weight and by
volume, the atomic theory as at present viewed in connection with
Chemistry, the chemical nomenclature and symbols now in use, and a
general survey of the descriptive chemistry of the elements and their
compounds, inorganic and organic, are brought forward in order, with
incidental allusion to the applications in medicine, the arts and manufactures,
of the facts mentioned.
Text-books.—Fownes' Chemistry (last edition). Recommended for reference.—Roscoe
and Schorlemmer's (or Miller's) Elements of Chemistry; A. Naquet's Principes de Chimie
fondée sur les théories modernes; Watt's Dictionary of Chemistry.
II. Industrial Chemistry.
This course, in which also three lectures a week are delivered, examines
in detail the chemical principles and processes specially concerned
large measure depends the development of the natural resources of the
country, the opportunity being thus presented of preparation for such
positions as those of the miner and metallurgist, the chemical manufacturer,
the dyer, bleacher, tanner, sugar refiner, etc.
Text-book.—Wagner's Chemical Technology. Recommended for reference—Richardson
and Watt's Chemical Technology; Muspratt's Chemistry as Applied to Arts and Manufactures;
Ure's Dictionary of Arts and Manufactures; Girardin's Leons de Chimie Èlémentaire
appliquée aux Arts Industriels; Percy's Metallurgy, etc.
The lectures in both these courses are illustrated by suitable experiments,
and by such specimens, models, drawings, etc., as the various
subjects require. The collections of the University in illustration of
the processes and products of Industrial Chemistry have been procured
with much expense and pains in this country, England, France, and
Germany, and are unusually extensive and good—amongst the best on
this side of the Atlantic. (See page 68.)
In both courses there are one or more reviews each week of the subjects
under discussion, involving questions put by, as well as to, the
students; and exercises in writing are from time to time given out to
afford practice in the calculations which are needed by the chemist.
SCHOOL OF ANALYTICAL AND AGRICULTURAL
CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACY.
Prof. Dunnington.
The regular work of this School, constituting a complete course in
Practical Chemistry, is arranged in two divisions, as follows:
I. A regularly arranged course in Chemical Manipulation is first
given. This is followed by Blowpipe Analysis and Fire Assays of ores
of lead, silver, and gold. A systematic course in Inorganic Qualitative
Analysis follows with practice in the analysis of mixtures of salts,
alloys, ores, and so on, and in Determinative Mineralogy. Instruction
in the elements of Quantitative Analysis completes this division of the
course.
II. The work of the second division is an extended course of Quantitative
Analysis, both gravimetric and volumetric. The student determines
the composition of ores, minerals, clays, soils, building stones,
manures, technical products, and so on.
As he advances in the course he is encouraged to undertake original
research and assisted in its prosecution; and in determining his fitness
for graduation, work of this sort is considered as having great weight.
Among the works recommended to laboratory students are: Fresenius's Qualitative an
Quantitative Analysis; Greville Williams's Handbook of Chemical Manipulation; Woehler's
Examples for Practice in Chemical Analysis; Von Kobell's Tafeln zur Bestimmung der Mine.
ralien (also in English translation); Odling's Practical Chemistry for Medical Students; A.
Classen's Elementary Quantitative Analysis.
Five lessons are given each week, and the Laboratory is open to
students six days in the week during all the working hours of the day.
Students may matriculate either for the Full Course or for the First
Course; but candidates for graduation are required to complete the
Full Course. Those who accomplish it are prepared for work as Analytical
Chemists, Assayers or Teachers of Chemistry.
In addition to the foregoing the following Special Courses are given
in this School. They are open without additional charge to the regular
students of the School. For fees to others see page 70.
1. A laboratory course of sixteen lessons on the Medical Applications
of Chemistry; the detection of poisons, the chemical and microscopical
examination of urine and blood, and so on.
2. A laboratory course of twelve lessons in Practical Pharmacy,
including the compounding and dispensing of drugs.
3. A lecture course of twenty-four lessons on Agricultural Chemistry,
including the chemical and physical properties of the atmosphere, of
soils and of plants; the chemistry of the processes of vegetable life;
the chemical composition and preparation of manures, and so on.
Text-books.—Johnston and Cameron's Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology
(12th edition). For reference.—Johnson's How Crops Grow; Johnson's How Crops Feed
Lupton's Elementary Principles of Scientific Agriculture.
Special Courses 1 and 2 are of especial interest to students of Medicine
and Pharmacy. Special Course 3 is open free of charge to farmers
who are not students of the University.
CORCORAN SCHOOL OF GEOLOGY.
Prof. Fontaine.
In this School there are two regular classes: Geology and Mineralogy.
I. Geology.—This subject is taught during the entire session, and
three lectures a week are devoted to it, until the examination in Mineralogy,
which takes place usually in the latter part of February; thereafter
five lectures a week are given to Geology, until the final examination,
which takes place late in April. The aim of the course of instruction
is to give as thorough an exposition of the fundamental principles
of the science as possible, and to teach the student how to use
them in practical work in the field.
Text-book.—Le Conte's Elements of Geology. For reference—Dana's Manual, and Lyell's
Elements and Principles of Geology.
II. Mineralogy.—This subject is studied until the intermediate examination
in February. Two lectures a week are devoted to it. Special
attention is paid to crystallography, as well as to the chemical and
physical properties of minerals. In Descriptive Mineralogy, the mode
of occurrence, the geological importance and relations of the species
are made prominent.
Text-book.—Dana's Manual of Mineralogy and Lithology. For reference—Dana's Textbook
of Mineralogy.
III. Botany.—For the present session (1887-8) the class in Botany,
usually attached to the School of Biology and Agriculture, has been
transferred to this School. The general principles of the science are
taught and the time of the student is mainly occupied in the study,
analysis and determination of flowering plants.
Text-book.—Gray's School and Field-book of Botany.
The large and carefully selected collections of geological, mineralogical,
and botanical objects found in the Lewis Brooks Museum of Natural
History (see page 67), afford unsurpassed facilities for the full illustration
of the principles taught. As free access to these collections is
allowed the student, he can find in their study an opportunity, rarely
obtained, for gaining a practical acquaintance with natural objects
acquired from various parts of the world, and chosen for their typical
special courses of study in Geology, Mineralogy, and Botany.
The foregoing subjects are taught mainly by lectures. These are
supplemented by portions of the text-books.
In order to give the members of the classes in Geology and Mineralogy
an opportunity to study the method of field work, the Professor,
when a sufficient number desire it, organizes a field party. The University
has hitherto borne a portion of the expense of the party. The
field work is done in the month of July, and is entirely optional with
the students.
Persons engaged in the study of Geology and Mineralogy may, although
not members of the University class, with the consent of the
Professor, and on paying $25 to the Proctor, join the exploring party.
MILLER SCHOOL OF BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE.
Prof. . . . . . .
[To be elected].
In this school there are two courses; one of Scientific and Experimental
Biology, the other of Scientific and Practical Agriculture.
Detailed descriptions of the courses of instruction will be published
as soon as possible after the election of the professor.
The class in Botany has for this session been assigned to Prof. Fontaine,
and students of Agriculture are directed in their work by Prof.
Mallet.
SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL ASTRONOMY.
Prof. Stone.
The courses in this school are arranged primarily for persons proposing
to become practical astronomers. The Junior course in Spherical
and Practical Astronomy is also recommended to students in
Engineering; the Junior course in Spherical and Practical Astronomy,
and the courses in Celestial Mechanics and Computing, are recommended
to graduate students in Mathematics.
The courses pursued are as follows:
I. Spherical and Practical Astronomy.—Each twice a week.
Junior.—Coördinates, their transformations, and their changes; time,
latitude, and longitude; interpolation; mechanical quadratures; least
squares.
Senior.—The telescope; the meridian circle; refraction; the equatorial;
subsidiary instruments; star catalogues.
Text-books.—Doolittle's Practical Astronomy; Chauvenet's Spherical and Practical Astronomy;
American Ephemeris; various memoirs and volumes of observations in the observatory
library.
II. Celestial Mechanics.—Each twice a week.
Junior.—Relations referring to position in orbit and in space; determination
of the elements of a parabolic orbit; determination of the
elements of an undisturbed orbit, no assumption being made in regard
to the eccentricity.
Senior.—Special perturbations; general perturbations.
Text-books.—Oppolzer's Lehrbuch zur Bahnbestimmung; Gauss's Theoria Motus; Laplace's
Mécanique Céleste; various memoirs.
III. Practice in Observing.
Junior.—Observations with the transit instrument for time and latitude;
with the small equatorial, of occultations, positions of comets, etc.
Senior.—Observations with the great equatorial.
IV. Practice in Computing.
Junior.—Reductions of observations; determination of the undisturbed
orbit of an asteroid.
Senior.—Reductions of observations; computation of the perturbations
of the asteroid whose orbit has been determined in the Junior
course, up to the time of the next opposition, including an ephemeris
therefor.
Students, upon entering the school, should have a working knowledge
of coördinate geometry, plane and spherical trigonometry, and differential
and integral calculus. A previous knowledge of French and
German will not be insisted upon; but both of these languages are continually
employed in the work of the school.
For other courses in Astronomy, see Mixed Mathematics, p. 30, and
Senior Natural Philosophy, p. 31.
GRADUATE COURSES.
School of Mathematics.—The graduate course includes: The
course of Mixed Mathematics, (p. 30); Advanced Studies in the Modern
Higher Geometry, the Infinitesimal Calculus, and in the Higher
Algebra.
For those candidates for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy who
select the Mathematics as their chief study, the graduate course will
extend through two sessions.
School of Natural Philosophy.—The graduate studies are those
of the Course in Practical Physics, (p. 31).
School of General and Industrial Chemistry.—The principal
part of the graduate course will consist of practical laboratory work on
subjects of original investigation. Advanced reading may also be prescribed,
especially in the shape of the bibliography of particular topics,
to be looked up from various sources and condensed by the student.
School of Analytical and Agricultural Chemistry.—The course
for graduates in this school consists of laboratory work in an advanced
course of analysis, comprising practice in the more elaborate processes
of analysis, study of methods of analysis, and original investigations
in the composition of rare or unusual minerals, and technical products
presenting scientific or economic interest.
School of Natural History and Geology.—In this school subjects
will be selected from one or more of the branches included in the
School, and assigned to the students. As far as possible, original research
will be required in the treatment of the subjects chosen.
School of Practical Astronomy.—A prescribed course in this
School, to be agreed upon in a conference of the Professors interested,
will be considered as the equivalent of the graduate course in either
Mathematics or Natural Philosophy for graduates of these schools.
N. B.—Graduation in a School is prerequisite to admission to the advanced
Graduate Course of that School. For admission to a graduate
course in the School of General and Industrial Chemistry, or in the
School of Analytical and Agricultural Chemistry, previous graduation
in both the schools named will be required; but this part of the requirement
may be waived, provided satisfactory evidence be furnished that
the student has already made equivalent attainments elsewhere.
COURSES OF LIBERAL STUDY.
The courses leading to Academical Degrees, the requirements for
which are shown elsewhere (p. 64), differ in character as well as in
extent.
The Bachelors' degrees are arranged so as to furnish a desirable preparation
for professional studies and are the natural introduction to the
advanced studies required for the Doctorate. Of these there are four:
1. The Bachelor of Arts degree admits the greatest freedom of
selection and arrangement. Of the very considerable number of possible
combinations the following judicious groupings are given as examples.
Each has a distinctive educational tendency as indicated in the
table.
| B. A. Course in— | Graduations in— | Proficiencies in— | Distinctions in— |
| Classics. | Latin, Greek. | Mathematics, Physics, Logic, English, History. |
|
| Mathematics. | Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, French or German. |
English, Logic. | Senior Latin, Junior & Int. Greek. |
| Physical Science. | Mathematics, Natural Philosophy. |
Logic, Geology. | Senior Latin, Junior & Int. Greek, General Chemistry. |
| Natural Science. | Natural History, General Chemistry. |
Mathematics, Physics, Logic. |
Senior Latin, Junior & Int. Greek. |
| Modern Languages | English, Modern Languages. |
Mathematics, Physics, Logic. |
Senior Latin, Junior & Int. Greek. |
| History and Littrature. | English, Historical Science. |
Mathematics, Physics, Logic. |
Senior Latin, Junior & Int. Greek. |
| Philosophy. | Moral Philosophy, Modern Languages. |
Political Economy, Mathematics, Physics. |
Senior Latin, Junior & Int. Greek. |
2. The Bachelor of Letters degree is the terminus of a specifically
literary course. The subjects of Latin, Greek and Moral Philosophy
are required; to these must be added one of the following: Modern
Languages, English, Historical Science.
3. The Bachelor of Science degree is the terminus of a purely scientific
course. All four of the subjects are fixed—Mathematics, Natural
Philosophy, Chemistry and Natural History—so that there is no election.
4. The Bachelor of Philosophy degree supplies a course which is
partly literary and partly scientific; but with a distinct leaning to the
literary side. Any three of the six schools mentioned in (2) may be
elected, and to them any two of the four schools mentioned in (3) may
be added. The number of combinations is 120.
The requirement for the degree of Master of Arts is rigid, and
permits no election. It includes Ancient Languages (Latin and Greek,
Modern Languages (French and German), Mathematics, Natural Philosophy,
Chemistry and Moral Philosophy. These constituted all the
schools of the Academical Department, as originally established; so
that the requirement for this degree has an historical as well as an educational
significance.
The degrees of Doctor of Letters, of Science, and of Philosophy
are designed for students who have chosen a vocation which demands
extensive acquirements and original investigation in some special field
of letters or of science. Candidates for these degrees must possess that
amount of general culture and exact training which is attested by a baccalaureate
degree from this University, or its equivalent from some other
chartered school of higher learning, and must elect, for advanced studies,
two schools in either the Literary or the Scientific Department, one as
a principal and the other as a cognate study. The work on the principal
study will ordinarily extend over two sessions; that in the cognate
study can generally be carried on parallel with the former, and be completed
in the same time. In addition to the studies and investigations
pursued during this period the candidate is required to submit a thesis
on some branch of his principal subject. This thesis must exhibit
not breadth and accuracy of information only, but must show capacity
for original and independent research into questions that will advance
the bounds of human learning. The especial attention of students who
propose to devote their lives to teaching, to literature, or to scientific
research is invited to these degrees.
STUDENTS FROM VIRGINIA.
In compliance with the Statute [Act of Assembly, 15 March, 1884,]
the University offers to white male students from Virginia over the age
of sixteen years instruction without charge for tuition in all the Academical
Schools except the Laboratory courses in Chemistry and Physics
and the Observatory course in Astronomy.
These eleven schools furnish instruction from the elements to the
most advanced stages in the following subjects:
1. The English, Latin, Greek, French, German, Italian, Spanish and
Anglo-Saxon Languages and the literature and rhetoric of them.
2. Ancient, Mediæval and Modern History and Political Economy.
3. Logic, Philosophy, Ethics and History of Philosophy.
4. Pure and Mixed Mathematics.
5. Experimental and Mathematical Physics.
6. Theoretical Astronomy.
7. General and Industrial Chemistry.
8. Geology and Mineralogy.
9. Biology and Agriculture.
They lead to the degrees of Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science,
Bachelor of Letters, Bachelor of Philosophy, Master of Arts, Doctor
of Science, Doctor of Letters, and Doctor of Philosophy.
The total University fees of an Academical Student from Virginia are
only $47; his necessary expenses amount to but $180, exclusive of
books and stationery; of this about $100 must be paid on entrance.
The Faculty are required by law to be satisfied by actual examination
of the applicant or by a certificate from some college or preparatory
school that he has made such proficiency in the branch of study which
he proposes to pursue as will enable him to avail himself of the advantages
afforded by the University.
Examination is required for admission to the School of
1. Latin on inflections, syntax and Books I, II of Cæsar's Commentaries, with Cicero's
Orations against Catiline.
2. Greek on inflections, syntax and Books I, II of Xenophon's Anabasis.
3. Mathematics or Natural Philosophy on Arithmetic, Plane Geometry and Algebra
through quadratics.
For the other subjects a good knowledge of English and Arithmetic
is alone required. The diploma of a college or the certificate of a high
school has great weight with the examiners.
SPECIAL COURSES OF INSTRUCTION FOR TEACHERS IN
THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
White male teachers and superintendents of the Free Schools of
Virginia will be admitted, during the last three months of the session,
to the Schools of the Academical Department of the University without
payment of fees. Applicants will present certificates from the State
Superintendent, or from their respective County Superintendents, that
they have been teachers or superintendents in the Public Free Schools.
The members of the Faculty will give the following special courses
of instruction to students matriculated under the foregoing provisions.
Latin:
1. Special course in Cæsar (or Ovid) and Latin Composition. [3 a week.]
2. Regular course in Cicero (or Horace) with Junior Class. [3 a week.]
Greek:
Special course in Xenophon's Anabasis. [2 a week.]
English:
Regular course in History of English Language. [2 a week.]
French:
1. Special course for beginners. [2 a week.]
2. Regular course with Junior Class. [2 a week.]
Pure Mathematics:
1. Special course in Arithmetic and Introduction to Geometry. [2 a week.]
2. Regular course in Plane Trigonometry with Junior Class. [3 a week.]
Applied Mathematics:
Ten lessons on Land Surveying with Field Work.
Natural Philosophy:
1. Regular course in Electricity with Junior Class. [3 a week.]
2. Special course in Electricity for teachers. [1 a week.]
3. Special course in Electrical Experiments in Laboratory.
Chemistry:
Ten lectures on Elementary Ideas in Chemistry.
Botany:
Special course in Elementary Botany. [2 a week.]
Geography:
1. Special course in General Geography. [1 a week.]
2. Special course in Physical Geography in its relations to Geology. [1 a week to May 15.]
Pedagogics:
1. Special course on Psychology in its relations to Theory of Education.
2. Lectures on History of Education. [1 a week.]
3. Lectures on Methods of Teaching History in Schools.
Students matriculated under the above provision may also attend any
of the regular classes in the Academical Department of the University
without charge. At the conclusion of the courses certificates of attendance
will be given by the several Professors to those students whose
work is approved.
Applicants for admission are requested to send in their names to the
Chairman of the Faculty not later than March 15. University dormitories
will be assigned free of rent, in the order of application, as far as
the vacant rooms will serve. Lodgings can also be had near the University,
or in Charlottesville. The only necessary expenses will be for
board, lights and washing, which will together cost from $3.50 to $5.50
a week. For further information address the Chairman of the Faculty.
LOCAL EXAMINATIONS.
The annual written examinations for boys and girls will be held on
Thursday, April 26, 1888, and the two following days at different centres
by examiners appointed by the University. Centres will be established
wherever an examination is desired by a sufficient number of
candidates of either sex.
The examinations, which are of two grades, will cover the subjects
usually taught in the higher public and private schools. Candidates
who pass with credit will receive certificates to that effect; and twenty
gold medals will be awarded in 1888 for distinguished merit.
Every candidate admitted to examination will be required to pay a
fee of two dollars to defray necessary expenses. The latest day of
entry is April 16, 1888.
Teachers and others interested will please apply for further information
to the Chairman of the Faculty.
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