1. |
1.1. |
1.2. |
1.3. |
2. |
2.1. |
2.2. |
2.3. |
2.4. |
2.5. |
3. |
3.1. |
3.2. |
3.3. |
3.4. |
3.5. |
3.6. |
3.7. |
3.8. |
3.9. |
3.10. |
3.11. |
4. |
4.1. |
4.2. |
4.3. |
4.4. |
4.5. |
4.6. |
4.7. |
4.8. |
5. |
5.1. |
5.2. |
5.3. |
5.4. |
5.5. |
5.6. |
5.7. |
5.8. |
5.9. |
5.10. |
5.11. |
5.12. |
5.13. |
5.14. |
5.15. |
5.16. |
5.17. |
5.18. |
5.19. |
6. |
6.1. |
6.2. |
6.3. |
6.4. |
6.5. |
6.6. |
6.7. |
6.8. |
6.9. |
6.10. |
6.11. |
6.12. |
6.13. |
6.14. |
6.15. |
6.16. |
6.17. |
6.18. |
6.19. |
6.20. |
7. |
7.1. |
7.2. |
7.3. |
7.4. |
7.5. |
7.6. |
7.7. |
7.8. |
7.9. |
7.10. |
7.11. |
7.12. |
7.13. |
7.14. |
7.15. |
7.16. |
7.17. |
8. |
8.1. |
8.2. |
8.3. |
8.4. |
8.5. |
8.6. |
8.7. |
8.8. |
8.9. |
8.10. |
8.11. |
7.12. |
8.13. |
8.14. |
8.15. |
8.16. |
8.17. |
8.18. |
8.19. |
8.20. |
8.21. |
9. |
9.1. |
9.2. |
9.3. |
9.4. |
9.5. |
9.6. |
9.7. |
9.8. |
9.9. |
9.10. |
10. |
10.1. |
10.2. |
10.3. |
10.4. |
10.5. |
10.6. |
10.7. |
10.8. |
10.9. |
10.10. |
10.11. |
10.12. |
10.13. |
10.14. |
10.15. |
10.16. |
10.17. |
11. |
11.1. |
11.2. |
11.3. |
11.4. |
11.5. |
11.6. |
11.7. |
11.8. |
11.9. |
11.10. |
11.11. |
11.12. |
11.13. |
11.14. |
11.15. |
11.16. |
11.17. |
11.19. |
11.20. |
12. |
12.1. |
12.2. |
12.3. |
12.4. |
12.5. |
12.6. |
12.7. |
12.8. |
12.9. |
12.10. |
12.11. |
12.12. |
12.13. |
12.14. |
12.15. |
12.16. |
12.17. |
12.18. |
12.19. |
12.20. |
12.21. |
12.22. |
12.23. |
12.24. |
12.25. |
12.26. |
12.27. |
12.28. |
12.29. |
12.30. |
13. |
13.1. |
13.2. |
13.3. |
13.4. |
13.5. |
13.6. |
13.7. |
13.8. |
13.9. |
13.10. |
13.11. |
13.12. |
13.13. |
13.14. |
13.15. |
13.16. |
13.17. |
13.18. |
13.19. |
13.20. |
14. |
14.1. |
14.2. |
14.3. |
14.4. |
14.5. |
14.6. |
14.7. |
14.8. |
14.9. |
14.10. |
14.11. |
14.12. |
14.13. |
14.14. |
14.15. |
15. |
15.1. |
15.2. |
15.3. |
15.4. |
15.5. |
15.6. |
15.7. |
15.8. |
15.9. |
15.10. |
15.11. |
15.12. |
15.13. |
15.14. |
15.15. |
15.16. |
15.17. |
15.18. |
16. |
16.1. |
16.2. |
16.3. |
16.4. |
16.5. |
16.6. |
16.7. |
16.8. |
16.9. |
16.10. |
16.11. |
16.12. |
16.13. |
16.14. |
16.15. |
16.16. |
17. |
17.1. |
17.2. |
17.3. |
17.4. |
17.5. |
17.6. |
17.7. |
18. |
18.1. |
18.2. |
18.3. |
18.4. |
18.5. |
18.6. |
18.7. |
18.8. |
18.9. |
18.10. |
18.11. |
18.12. |
18.13. |
18.14. |
18.15. |
18.16. |
18.17. |
18.18. |
18.19. |
18.20. |
18.21. |
18.22. |
18.23. |
18.24. |
18.25. |
18.26. |
18.27. |
18.28. |
18.29. |
18.30. |
18.31. |
19. |
19.2. |
19.2. |
19.3. |
19.4. |
19.5. |
19.6. |
19.7. |
19.8. |
19.9. |
19.10. |
19.11. |
19.12. |
19.13. |
19.14. |
19.15. |
19.16. |
19.17. |
19.18. |
19.19. |
19.20. |
19.21. |
19.22. |
19.23. |
19.24. |
19.25. |
19.26. |
19.27. |
20. |
20.1. |
20.2. |
20.3. |
20.4. |
20.5. |
20.6. |
20.7. |
20.8. |
20.9. |
20.10. |
20.11. |
20.12. |
20.13. |
20.14. |
20.15. |
20.16. |
20.17. |
20.18. |
20.19. |
20.20. |
20.21. |
20.22. |
20.23. |
21. |
21.1. |
21.2. |
21.3. |
21.4. |
21.5. |
21.6. |
21.7. |
21.8. |
21.9. |
21.10. |
21.11. |
21.12. |
21.13. |
21.14. |
21.15. |
21.16. |
21.17. |
21.18. |
21.19. |
21.20. |
21.21. |
21.22. |
21.23. |
22. |
22.1. |
22.2. |
22.3. |
22.4. |
22.5. |
22.6. |
22.7. |
22.8. |
22.9. |
22.10. |
22.11. |
22.12. |
22.13. |
22.14. |
22.15. |
22.16. |
22.17. |
22.18. |
22.19. |
22.20. |
22.21. |
22.22. |
23. |
23.1. |
23.2. |
23.3. |
23.4. |
23.5. |
23.6. |
23.7. |
23.8. |
23.9. |
23.10. |
23.11. |
23.12. |
23.13. |
23.14. |
23.15. |
23.16. |
23.17. |
23.18. |
23.19. |
23.20. |
23.21. |
23.22. |
23.23. |
23.24. |
23.25. |
23.26. |
23.27. |
23.28. |
23.29. |
24. |
24.1. |
24.2. |
24.3. |
24.4. |
24.5. |
24.6. |
24.7. |
24.8. |
24.9. |
24.10. |
24.11. |
24.12. |
24.13. |
24.14. |
24.15. |
24.16. |
24.17. |
24.18. |
24.19. |
24.20. |
24.21. |
24.22. |
24.23. |
24.24. |
24.25. |
24.26. |
25. |
25.1. |
25.2. |
25.3. |
25.4. |
25.5. |
25.6. |
25.7. |
25.8. |
25.9. |
25.10. |
25.11. |
25.12. |
25.13. |
25.14. |
25.15. |
26. |
26.1. |
26.2. |
26.3. |
26.4. |
26.5. |
26.6. |
26.7. |
26.8. |
26.9. |
26.10. |
26.11. |
26.12. |
26.13. |
26.14. |
26.15. |
26.16. |
26.17. |
26.18. |
26.19. |
26.20. |
26.21. |
26.22. |
26.23. |
26.24. |
26.25. |
27. |
28. |
28.1. |
28.2. |
28.3. |
28.4. |
28.5. |
28.6. |
28.7. |
28.8. |
28.9. |
28.10. |
28.11. |
28.12. |
28.13. |
28.14. |
28.15. |
28.16. |
28.17. |
28.18. |
28.19. |
28.20. |
28.21. |
28.22. |
28.23. |
28.24. |
28.25. |
28.26. |
28.27. |
28.28. |
28.29. |
28.30. |
28.31. |
28.32. |
28.33. |
28.34. |
28.35. |
28.36. |
28.37. |
28.38. |
28.39. |
28.40. |
28.41. |
28.42. |
28.43. |
28.44. |
28.45. |
29. |
29.1. |
29.2. |
29.3. |
29.4. |
29.5. |
29.6. |
29.7. |
29.8. |
29.10. |
29.10. |
29.11. |
29.12. |
29.13. |
29.14. |
29.15. |
29.16. |
29.17. |
29.18. |
29.19. |
30. |
30.1. |
30.2. |
30.3. |
30.4. |
30.5. |
30.6. |
30.7. |
30.8. |
30.9. |
30.10. |
30.11. |
30.12. |
30.13. |
30.14. |
30.15. |
30.16. |
30.17. |
30.18. |
30.19. |
30.20. |
30.21. |
30.22. |
30.23. |
30.24. |
30.25. |
31. |
31.1. |
31.2. |
31.3. |
31.4. |
31.5. |
31.6. |
31.7. |
31.8. |
31.9. |
31.10. |
31.11. |
31.12. |
31.13. |
31.14. |
31.15. |
31.16. |
31.17. |
31.18. |
31.19. |
31.20. |
31.21. |
31.22. |
31.23. |
31.24. |
31.25. |
31.26. |
31.27. |
31.28. |
31.29. |
31.30. |
31.31. |
31.32. |
31.33. |
31.34. |
31. The same Subject continued. The Spirit of the Laws | ||
The villain could not bring a challenge of false judgment against the court of his lord. This we learn from Dfontaines, [239] and he is confirmed moreover by the Institutions. [240] Hence Dfontaines says, [241] "between the lord and his villain there is no other judge but God."
It was the custom of judicial combats that deprived the villains of the privilege of challenging their lord's court of false judgment. And so true is this, that those villains [242] who by charter or custom had a right to fight had also the privilege of challenging their lord's court of false judgment, even though the peers who tried them were gentlemen; [243] and Dfontaines proposes expedients to gentlemen in order to avoid the scandal of fighting with a villain by whom they had been challenged of false judgment. [244]
As the practice of judicial combats began to decline, and the usage of new appeals to be introduced, it was reckoned unfair that freemen should have a remedy against the injustice of the courts of their lords, and the villains should not; hence the parliament received their appeals all the same as those of freemen.
31. The same Subject continued. The Spirit of the Laws | ||