 | University of Virginia annual announcements, with a catalogue of the officers and students of the University of Virginia |  |
ACADEMICAL SCHOOLS.
LITERARY DEPARTMENT.
WILLIAM E. PETERS, LL. D., Professor of Latin.
JOHN H. WHEELER, M. A., Ph. D., Professor of Greek.
M. SCHELE DE VERE, Ph. D., J. U. D., Professor of Modern Languages.
JAMES M. GARNETT, M. A., LL. D., Professor of English.
GEORGE FREDERICK HOLMES, LL. D., Professor of Historical Science.
NOAH K. DAVIS, M. A., Ph. D., LL. D., Professor of Moral Philosophy.
WM. H. PERKINSON, Instructor in Modern Languages.
JOHN STAIGE DAVIS, Instructor in Latin and Greek.
SCHOOL OF LATIN.
Prof. Peters.
The School of Latin is divided into two classes, Junior and Senior.
The Junior Class.—A student who is able to read Cæsar or Virgil,
and has a proper acquaintance with the Forms, is prepared to enter this
class. The class begins with Sallust, or a writer of like difficulty. Systematic
attention is given to the study of the Forms. The Syntactical
work is the study of the Case-relations, the exact force of the Tenses, and
a consecutive outline of the connections in which the Subjunctive Mood
is required. Principles and facts explained are applied by frequent exercises
in Latin Composition. The reading is confined to selected portions
of Sallust, Cicero, Livy and Horace. A limited amount from each
author is prescribed for private reading. For the examinations, passages
are selected for translation from the Latin assigned as private reading.
There are two examinations—the Intermediate, held about the middle of
the session, the Final, at its close. The examinations are conducted in
writing.
The Senior Class.—This class commences with Juvenal or Livy, and
reads during the session selected portions of Juvenal, Livy, Cicero, Seneca,
Tacitus or a play of Plautus. The Case-relations are reviewed, and the
taken up early in the session, and continued throughout the term. A
theoretical acquaintance with this subject is insufficient. Prompt identification
and correct recitation of every variety of Latin verse is insisted
upon. A very prominent place is assigned to Latin Composition, as an
indispensable means of acquiring an exact knowledge of the Language.
Portions of the authors read in the Lecture-room are designated as parallel
and private reading. The object of parallel reading is to enable a student
to acquire a more copious vocabulary than is furnished by the limited
amount of Latin read in the Lecture-room, and to afford a wider field for
the application of the principles explained in the Lectures. In this class
there are two examinations—one occurring about the middle of the session,
the second at its close. The examinations are conducted in writing.
For the second or Final examination, passages for translation are selected
partly from the parallel and partly from Latin which the class has not
read. In this class due attention is given to Roman History and Literature.
Text-Books.—Any approved editions of the authors above named.
Grammars:—Gildersleeve's, Syntax of the Verb by the Professor, Printed Lectures
by the Professor on the Latin Cases and Versification.
History:—Liddell's, with Long's or any approved Atlas.
Literature:—Bender's, as a Hand-book and Guide, supplemented by Lectures.
Sanskrit.—The Professor will also give instruction in the elements of
Sanskrit whenever a sufficient number of students desire it.
SCHOOL OF GREEK.
Prof. Wheeler.
The School is organized in three classes, the Junior, the Intermediate,
and the Senior. The method of instruction is by lectures, by
daily examination upon the matter of the lectures and upon assigned
portions of the text-books, and by written and oral exercises.
A full knowledge of the regular Attic inflections and some experience
in translation are necessary as a preparation for the Junior Class. Two
books of Xenophon's Anabasis, or some suitable equivalent, may be regarded
as a proper amount of preparatory reading. Students inadequately
prepared may often, if ambitious and diligent, make good progress
with the aid of a Licentiate. (See p. 70.)
The Junior Class is intended to give a practical familiarity with the
simpler Attic prose. The grammar is rapidly but carefully reviewed; for
translation into Greek, sentences are given out which involve the vocabulary
and the idioms of the Greek texts studied. The authors read are
Xenophon (parts of the Memorabilia and of the Cyropedia), and Lysias.
The Geography and Political History of Greece are also taught in this
class.
The Intermediate Class, for which the Junior course, or some
equivalent, is the appropriate preparation, continues the study of Attic
prose usage, and gives an introduction to authors of great literary importance
who wrote in other dialects. The exercises for translation into
Greek, to which great attention is given, are based upon assigned passages
from Lysias, whose usage students are urged to observe and imitate.
Selected portions of the grammar are closely studied, especially the use
of Cases, of Prepositions, of the Negatives, and the Formation of Words.
The authors read are Lysias, Herodotus, and Homer. Instruction in
Greek Antiquities is also given in this class.
The Senior Class demands such attainments as may be acquired in
the two lower classes, or an equivalent. The main purpose of the instruction
is to introduce students, so far as practicable, to the masterpieces
of the literature of Athens. The authors read this session are
Demosthenes, Plato, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, and the fragments
of the Lyric Poets. The Syntax of the Greek Verb is discussed,
and courses of lectures are given upon the History of Greek Literature,
Metres, and Historical Grammar.
Text-books.—Liddell and Scott's Greek Lexicon, Veitch's Greek Verbs, Hadley's
Greek Grammar, Goodwin's Greek Moods and Tenses, Smith's History of Greece,
Fyffe's Primer of Greek History, Tozer's Primer of Ancient Geography, Mahaffy's
Primer of Greek Antiquities, and the Teubner (or Weidmann) text editions of the
authors read.
For each class a course of private reading is prescribed, and weekly
exercises in Greek composition are given out.
The state of preparation of a student joining the school may often
make it expedient to take two classes at once.
In the examination of candidates for graduation, all the subjects
taught in the School are involved, and the passages set for translation
are selected from the classic writers at will.
Hebrew.—The Professor will give elementary instruction in Hebrew,
when the demand for such instruction is sufficient.
SCHOOL OF MODERN LANGUAGES.
Prof. Schele De Vere.
The subjects taught in this School are as follows:
1. The French, German, Spanish and Italian languages. A number
of classic and of modern authors are read in the class, to practice the pronunciation,
to acquire facility in prompt rendering of the foreign idiom, and
to appreciate the literary beauties of eminent writers. A much larger number
of works, mainly by modern authors, are expected to be read privately,
in order to acquire that familiarity with foreign writers which enables the
student to judge of the difference in style and diction in individuals, and in
various periods of literature.
At every meeting of the class, moreover, a lecture is delivered, and to a
large extent illustrated by examples and quotations, written on the blackboard,
so that the eye and the ear may mutually assist each other. In these
lectures the Grammar and the Syntax of each idiom is discussed in a manner
varying according to the state of preparation of each class. The treatment
is mainly historical: the words, the sentences and the general structure
being exhibited as they gradually developed themselves from the
earliest efforts made by the infant nation to the highest results obtained in
its so-called Golden Age.
These lectures are again accompanied by weekly exercises, translations
from the vernacular into foreign idioms. They furnish the Professor with
evidence of the success or want of success with which he has tried to explain
the rules and the usages of each language. After having been carefully
marked, they are returned to the student, and then written, in correct form,
on the blackboard. The Professor, as he writes there, accompanies them
with a running commentary on the various rules that have been violated
or misunderstood.
At stated intervals the Professor reads aloud, so as to train the ear; at
others, he dictates extracts from foreign writers for the same purpose.
After the classes have become somewhat familiar with the language they
are given a series of lectures treating of the History of the Idiom. Its
forms, its structure and its spiritual characteristics are carefully traced
through the different periods of their history, and minutely compared with
each other. This gives an opportunity for instruction in the fundamental
rules of the Science of Language, to which much attention is given. These
lectures are followed by another course on the Literature of each Idiom.
The different periods of the literature are explained and illustrated by
each age. The parallelism between the national growth of a people and
its literary proficiency is carefully pointed out.
After each lecture the Professor remains some time in the lecture-room
to meet informally such students as desire additional information.
Diplomas of graduation are conferred in each of the four languages
named above; and upon the student who succeeds in any two of them,
sclected according to his own choice, a diploma of graduation in the
School of Modern Languages is conferred; but graduation in French and
German is required for the M. A. degree.
2. The study of Anglo-Saxon is mainly pursued in its aspect as the
mother of English, furnishing the student the means of tracing the history
of his native tongue from its earliest beginning. Much attention is given
to the illustration of the history of words, their first birth, their fate under
the yoke of the Norman, and their subsequent modifications. Whilst
the student is furnished with a key to the rich and historically invaluable
literature of our forefathers, he is at the same time given an opportunity
to learn the inner nature, the inherent power and the right to supremacy
awarded to his native tongue. Extracts from Anglo-Saxon writers are
read, and the bearing of their works on the history of our race is fully explained.
Certificates of Proficiency in Anglo-Saxon are conferred.
The following text-books are used in the several languages:
French.
Junior Class.—The Professor's Grammar and First Reader, Télémaque, Saintine's
Picciola, Masson's Dictionary.
Senior Class.—The Professor's Grammar, Brachet's Grammar, Molière, Racine,
Voltaire, Taine's L'Angleterre, Masson's, Gasc's or Littré's Dictionary. A course of
private reading is prescribed. Prof. J. A. Harrison's French Syntax is recommended.
German.
Junior Class.—Otto's Grammar, Whitney's Reader, Schiller's William Tell, Whitney's
Dictionary.
Senior Class.—Whitney's and Wilmans' or Frauer's (German) Grammar, Whitney's
Dictionary, Schiller's Works, Gœthe's Autobiography and Faust, Jean Paul's
Flegeljahre. A course of private reading is prescribed.
Spanish.
The Professor's Grammar, Seoane's Dictionary, Velasquez' Reader, Colmena Española,
Don Quijote, Calderon's El Principe Constante, Lope's Estrella de Sevilla,
out of print, Knapp's Spanish Grammar will be used.
Italian.
Cuore's Grammar, Foresti's Reader, Manzoni's I Promessi Sposi, Tasso's Gerusalemme
Liberata, Pellico's Le Mie Prigioni, Petrarca, Dante's La Divina Commedia.
Anglo-Saxon.
Shute's Manual of Anglo-Saxon, or Sweet's Primer, The Professor's Studies in English,
March's Anglo-Saxon Grammar, the Anglo-Saxon Gospels.
SCHOOL OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.
Prof. Garnett.
Instruction in this School is given in three classes:
I. The Class of Early English.—In this class the historical and
philological study of the language is pursued, the class beginning with its
oldest forms, and tracing the language, by the study of specimens, through
its different periods to the formation of modern English. After a thorough
study of the grammar, selected pieces of Old and Middle English prose
and poetry are read, both in class and privately, with a view to acquiring
a philological knowledge of the origin and structure of English. Lectures
on the position of English in the Indo-European family of languages, and
on the history of the language, are also given.
Text-books.—Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Reader; Morris and Skeat's Specimens of Early
English, Parts I. and II. For reference.—Cook's Sievers's Grammar of Old English;
Kington-Oliphant's Old and Middle English.
II. The Class of Modern English.—In this class the study of the
later language, i. e., from Chaucer, is pursued, and Shakspere is made a
special subject of study. The critical study of a play of Shakspere, with
private reading of about half of the plays, is followed by similar study of
selected works of Chaucer and of Spenser. Lectures on the history of the
Elizabethan drama and on the history of the later language, are given.
Text-books.—For 1887-'88, Othello (Rolfe's edition); Dowden's Shakspere
Primer; Abbott's Shaksperian Grammar; Chaucer's Prologue and Knight's Tale
(Morris's edition); Spenser's Faery Queene, Book I. or II. (Kitchin's edition.)
For reference.—The Globe Shakspere and Fleay's Shakspere Manual; Keltie's British
Dramatists; Sweet's Chaucer Primer; Kington-Oliphant's New English.
III. The Class of Rhetoric and English Literature.—In this
class the principles of Composition and Rhetoric are first studied, and
with study of the text-books, selected works of authors are assigned for
private reading. Essays are required at regular intervals. Lectures on
each subject are given in connection with the text-books.
Text-books.—A. S. Hill's Principles of Rhetoric; Morley and Tyler's Manual of
English Literature; Ward's English Poets. For reference.—Minto's Manual of
English Prose Literature; Saintsbury's Specimens of English Prose Style.
Each class meets twice a week, and may be attended separately; but
graduation in I. and III., or II. and III., will be necessary for a diploma
in the School.
N. B. Books marked "For reference" are used at the option of the
student.
CORCORAN SCHOOL OF HISTORICAL SCIENCE.
Prof. Holmes.
In this School are two classes—one of General History, the other of
the Processes of Historical Change. Either class may be taken separately,
or either branch of the latter class.
I. General History.—In this class the story of advancing civilization
is followed through the succession of the leading nations, from the commencement
of authentic and continuous history to the Age of Revolution
still in progress. An effort is made to impress the vital connection of
nation with nation, of generation with generation, and of anterior with
ensuing conditions of historical development. The rise, the decline and
the fall of States are referred to their causes. The political, intellectual
and social condition of the people in the more prominent periods is carefully
expounded; and the sources of their power and prosperity, or of
their weakness and impoverishment are noted, so far as the necessary
limitation of the subject will permit. The object contemplated is to
present the human family in History as an organic unity, all of whose
parts, at all times, and through all successions, are thoroughly interdependent.
Text-books.—Smith's History of Greece; Merivale's History of Rome (abridged
by Puller); Gibbon, History of the Decline and Fall of Rome (abridged by Smith);
Lodge, Modern History; Labberton's New History and Historical Atlas.
II. The other class embraces Political Economy and the Science of
Society, Political Economy being considered as a subordinate branch of
social investigation.
1. Political Economy.—In the treatment of this department of knowledge,
there is no rigid adherence to the school of Smith, Ricardo, and
Mill. The modification of older doctrines necessitated by the increase of
productive inventions and productive operations is steadily regarded. Attention
is paid to the inquiries and criticisms of Thornton, Cairnes, Jevons,
etc.; and the altered views propounded by Laveleye, Walker, and the
school of the Cathedrists are duly considered.
Text-Book.—Mill's Political Economy (abridged by McLaughlin).
2. Science of Society.—The latter half of the course in this class is
devoted to the Science of Society.
In this is prosecuted the investigation of the laws and movements, the
growth, decay and constitution of Societies, in the different phases and
stages of social development. The necessary organic functions of society
are studied in their several forms. They are also regarded in their reciprocal
relations and in their conjoint action in successive forms of civilization.
All systems are interpreted: no ideal constitution is contemplated.
The course is descriptive of the processes by which experienced results
have been obtained: not speculative in advocacy of theoretic dreams.
The Class is dependent on notes on the Lectures, as no text-book exists.
SCHOOL OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY.
Prof. Davis.
There are two classes, best taken in two successive sessions:
I. The class in Logic studies Deductive Logic, Inductive Logic, and
Applied Logic. Two lectures a week.
Text-books.—The Professor's Logic, Mill on Induction, Whately's Rhetoric, Jevons's
Principles of Science.
II. The class in Philosophy studies Psychology, Ethics, and History
of Philosophy. Three lectures a week.
Text-books.—The Professor's Psychology, Hamilton's Metaphysics, Cousin's "Du
Vrai, du Beau, et du Bien," Lotze's "Grundsätze der Praktischen Philosophie,"
Kant's Theory of Ethics, Ueberweg's History of Philosophy.
GRADUATE COURSES.
School of Latin.—This work is intended for students who desire
to pursue their Latin studies beyond the requirements for graduation.
to equip himself for original investigation in the language, cannot
well be overstated. The scope of the work is such as to familiarize him with
the language in its several periods. An extensive course of reading is
prescribed, and subjects for independent investigation are from time to
time assigned. The Lecture-room exercises consist in translation and
the discussion by the student of the passage translated. He is invited to
propound such questions to the Professor, or to a member of the class, as
he would to a pupil. In addition, a careful translation from some one of
the best Latin prose writers is prepared, and the student is required at
once to write on the blackboard his Latin rendering of it, and to give his
reasons as well for the forms of the periods as for the syntactical constructions
employed. Though it requires at least two years to complete this
course, yet one year given to it abundantly repays the student, as the
greater part of the first year of the course is devoted to the Archaic period
of the language, which cannot be considered to any great extent in the course
for graduation.
School of Greek.—This course is designed primarily for those who intend
to become teachers of the classical languages, and who desire a thorough
introduction to Greek philology as a part of their professional equipment.
With such students the professor will read and discuss the more difficult
Greek authors. Courses of private reading are marked out, including
important text-books and monographs; and by systematic lectures, as
well as by constant supervision and advice, the Professor will aid and direct
the student's endeavors. As an exercise in the independent investigation
of philological problems, each student is from time to time expected
to prepare a paper, discussing thoroughly some topic selected by
himself. Constant practice is given in Greek composition.
School of Modern Languages.—Graduates in this school who wish
to extend the study of any one of the idioms there taught (including
Anglo Saxon) beyond the limits of the under-graduate course, and candidates
for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, are expected to do the following
work: They will read additional foreign authors, pursue the study
of Comparative Philology, till mastery is secured, and write monthly essays
on kindred subjects, which must give proof of original research. A
thorough knowledge of at least one ancient language, and graduation in
two modern languages, are deemed prerequisite. Candidates for honors
will, however, have the choice between the two methods of comparing
idioms—either by tracing out the kinship existing between several languages,
the Slavic, in their lexical, grammatical or psychological nature; or by
comparing with each other the different aspects borne by one and the
same idiom in its successive periods of life. The writings of Diez, Hovelacque,
Sayce, Max Müller, and others, are carefully studied; and the
final result of the whole course of study is to be shown in a concluding
dissertation specially written for the degree, and evidencing original
thought.
School of English.—In this School two separate graduate courses
will be arranged to suit the needs of those students who desire to pursue
further either philological or literary studies. The former will comprise
the further study of Anglo-Saxon and Middle English works, especially
of Anglo-Saxon poetry, or the study of Gothic and the comparative grammar
of the Teutonic languages. The latter will comprise the study of some
distinctive period in English literature, or of some particular writer, or
writers, including the political, social, and literary characteristics of the
age under consideration. In each course a thesis will be required, giving
evidence of independent private study of some subject cognate with the
course pursued, in addition to such examinations as may be advisable.
The selection of the course and subject is left to the student himself,
under guidance of the Professor.
School of Historical Science.—The graduate course in this School
for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy will be varied from year to year,
but will always be designed to train the student in original research and
systematic exposition of the results. Some historical period, with the
accompanying social, political and intellectual development of the people,
will be made the subject of study. Such instructions and directions
as may be required to render these pursuits efficacious will be given
throughout the session.
School of Moral Philosophy.—The history of philosophy, ancient
and modern, with a special study of Aristotle and Kant.
N. B. Graduation in a School is prerequisite to admission to the advanced
Graduate Course of that School.
SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT.
CHARLES S. VENABLE, LL. D., Professor of Mathematics.
FRANCIS H. SMITH, M. A., LL. D., Professor of Natural Philosophy.
JOHN W. MALLET, Ph. D., M. D., LL. D., F. R. S., Professor of Chemistry.
F. P. DUNNINGTON, B. S., Professor of Analytical Chemistry.
WILLIAM M. FONTAINE, M. A., Professor of Natural History and Geology.
ORMOND STONE, M. A., Professor of Practical Astronomy.
R. D. BOHANNAN, B. S., C. & M. E., Instructor in Pure Mathematics. and Physics.
F. P. LEAVENWORTH, B. A., Instructor in Practical Astronomy.
SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS.
Prof. Venable.
This School embraces two courses, as follows:
I. Pure Mathematics.
Junior Class.—Theory of Arithmetical Notation and Operations;
Algebra, through the Binomial Theorem; Geometry, Plane and Solid;
Geometrical Analysis, with numerous exerciscs for original solution; Elementary
Plane Trigonometry, embracing the solution of Triangles, with
the use of Logarithms, and some applications to problems of "Heights
and Distances."
This class meets three times a week (4½ hours).
The preparation desirable for it is a good knowledge of Arithmetic,
of Algebraic Operations through Equations of the Second Degree, and
of the first three books of Plane Geometry.
Text-books:—Todhunter's Algebra; Venable's Legendre's Geometry, with collection
of exercises; Todhunter's Trigonometry for Beginners.
Intermediate Class.—Geometrical Analysis, with exercises for original
solution; Plane Trigonometry, with applications; Analytical Geometry of
two dimensions; Spherical Trigonometry, with applications; Elements of
the Theory of Equations. The preparation desirable for this class is a
thorough knowledge of Algebra through the Binomial Theorem, and
Logarithms; of Synthetic Geometry, Plane and Solid, with some training
of Plane Trigonometry, including the use of logarithmic tables.
This class meets twice a week (3 hours).
Text-books:—Snowball's Trigonometry, Puckle's Conic Sections, the Professor's
Collection of Exercises in Plane Geometry.
Senior Class.—The subjects taught in this class are pursued in the
following order:
1. Analytical Geometry of three dimensions, through the discussion of
the Conicoids and some Curves in Space.
2. Differential and Integral Calculus, with various applications.
3. A short course of the Calculus of Variations.
4. The Theory of Equations, and lectures on the History of Mathematics.
This class meets three times a week (4½ hours).
Text-books:—The Professor's Notes on Solid Geometry (Analytical); Todhunter's
Differential Calculus; Williamson's Integral Calculus; Todhunter's Theory of Equations.
Candidates for graduation in Pure Mathematics are required to pursue
in the University the studies of both the Intermediate and Senior Classes.
II. Mixed Mathematics.
This course is designed for those students who may desire to prosecute
their studies beyond the limits of Pure Mathematics. It embraces an extended
course of reading under the instruction and guidance of the Professor
on the applications of the Differential and Integral Calculus to
Mechanics, Physical Astronomy, and selected portions of Physics.
The class in Mixed Mathematics meets twice a week (3 hours).
Text-books:—Price's Infinitesimal Calculus, Vols. II. and III.; Cheyne's Planetary
Theory.
The instruction in each class in the School of Mathematics is conveyed
partly by lectures and partly by the systematic study of approved
text-books. The progress of the student in each class is tested constantly
by his being called upon to apply the principles acquired to the
independent solution of selected problems.
SCHOOL OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.
Prof. Smith.
This School includes two courses, as follows:
I. General Physics.
Junior Class.—The object of the course of lectures to this class is to
furnish the student with a comprehensive view of modern Physics, and
to make him familiar with its methods of investigation. With the design
of laying a thoroughly scientific basis for the course, a large space is
given at the outset to the discussion of the cardinal doctrines of motion,
force, energy, and potential, and to their simpler applications in the
pressure and motion of visible masses.
With this preparation the student proceeds to the subject of Molecular
Physics, embracing Sound, Light, Heat, and Electricity. Throughout
the course the laws of motion and force are kept steadily in view, and an
attempt is made to exhibit the evidence, daily becoming stronger and
clearer, for the belief prevalent among scientists, that the entire body of
Physics is a coherent and harmonious system of mechanical truth.
Members of the Junior Class are admitted at convenient times to the
Physical Laboratory, where they may repeat and extend the experiments
of the lecture room. Such exercise is entirely optional. Experience
shows that this privilege is highly valued and extensively used.
Text-books:—The Professor's Syllabus; Everett's Units and Physical Constants;
Daniell's Physics.
Senior Class.—This class studies selected portions of Mathematical
Physics and Spherical Astronomy. The parts of Physics studied are
usually Sound and Light one session, and Heat and Electricity the next.
The members of this class are required to spend from one to two months
in the Physical Laboratory.
Text-books:—Cummings' Electricity; Everett's Wave Motion; Glazebrook's Physical
Optics; Glazebrook's Practical Physics; Norton's Astronomy; Notes and Problems
given by the Professor.
Candidates for graduation in Natural Philosophy are required to
attend only the foregoing classes.
II. Practical Physics.
This course is for students preparing to become teachers of science,
and for those who, for other reasons, desire to push their studies in
Physics beyond the limits of the under-graduate course. The instruction
topics:
1st. Theoretical.—Reduction of observations. Graphical representation
of results. Interpolation. Method of Least Squares. Essays on
prescribed Physical topics.
2nd. Experimental.—In this, the main portion of the course, the
student will learn physical manipulation, and the use of instruments by
actual practice.
(1), Lecture-room Apparatus and Lecture-room Experiments.
(2), Physical measurements and "instruments of precision." Cathetometer.
Spherometer. Dividing Engine. Goniometer. Balance. Syren.
Monochord. Revolving Mirror. Photometer. Microscope. Spectroscope.
Diffraction-bench. Polariscope. Electrometer. Galvanometer.
Magnetometer. Meteorological instruments, with daily use of the same.
Text-books:—Chauvenet—"Method of Least Squares;" Kohlrausch—"Physical
Measurements."
SCHOOL OF GENERAL AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY.
Prof. Mallet.
In this School are two courses, as follows:
I. General Chemistry.
The course consists of three lectures a week throughout the session.
The fundamental ideas of chemical science, the relations of Chemistry
to Physics, the laws regulating chemical combination by weight and by
volume, the atomic theory as at present viewed in connection with
Chemistry, the chemical nomenclature and symbols now in use, and a
general survey of the descriptive chemistry of the elements and their
compounds, inorganic and organic, are brought forward in order, with
incidental allusion to the applications in medicine, the arts and manufactures,
of the facts mentioned.
Text-books:—Fownes's Chemistry (last edition). For reference:—Roscoe and
Schorlemmer's (or Miller's) Elements of Chemistry; A. Naquet—"Principes de
Chimie fondée sur les théories modernes"; Watt's Dictionary of Chemistry.
II. Industrial Chemistry.
This course, in which also three lectures a week are delivered, examines
in detail the chemical principles and processes specially concerned
measure depends the development of the natural resources of the country,
the opportunity being thus presented of preparation for such positions as
those of the miner and metallurgist, the chemical manufacturer, the dyer,
bleacher, tanner, sugar refiner, etc.
Text-books:—Wagner's Chemical Technology. For reference:—Richardson and
Watt's Chemical Technology; Muspratt's Chemistry as Applied to Arts and Manufactures;
Ure's Dictionary of Arts and Manufactures; Girardin—"Leçons de Chimie
Élémentaire appliquée aux Arts Industriels"; Percy's Metallurgy, etc.
The lectures in both these courses are illustrated by suitable experiments,
and by such specimens, models, drawings, etc., as the various
subjects require. The collections of the University in illustration of the
processes and products of Industrial Chemistry have been procured with
much expense and pains in this country, England, France and Germany,
and are unusually extensive and good—amongst the best on this side of
the Atlantic. (See page 63.)
In both courses there are one or more reviews each week of the subjects
under discussion, involving questions put by, as well as to, the
students; and exercises in writing are from time to time given out to
afford practice in the calculations which are needed by the Chemist.
SCHOOL OF ANALYTICAL AND AGRICULTURAL
CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACY.
Prof. Dunnington.
The subjects taught in this School are as follows:
I. Analytical Chemistry.
Instruction in this subject is given largely by lectures and experiments,
and the student is required to repeat the latter at his working table; this
is supplemented by much individual teaching, according to the capabilities
and aims of the student.
The First Class meets in the laboratory five times a week during the
first half of the session; or, when judged best, twice a week throughout
the session, on each occasion spending, after the lecture, from three to
four hours in practical experiments. A regularly arranged course of
practice in chemical manipulation is first pursued. This is followed by
Blowpipe Analysis and Fire Assay of lead, silver, and gold ores. A
systematic course in inorganic Qualitative Analysis is then taken up, in
salts, alloys, ores, etc. Instruction is also given in Determinative Mineralogy.
Toward the close of the course, the elements of Quantitative
Analysis are taught.
The Second Class have access to the laboratory six days of each
week throughout the session, during the whole of the working hours of
each day. After having accomplished the entire work of the first class
as given above, it pursues an extended course of Quantitative Analysis,
both gravimetric and volumetric, determining the composition of ores,
minerals, clays, soils, building-stones, manures, technical products, and
like substances, and involving a full course of practical chemistry, therein
receiving practical preparation for the pursuit of analytical chemist and
assayer, or of teaching chemistry. Students are assisted and encouraged
to undertake original research, and work of this nature will be considered
with much weight in ascertaining their fitness for graduation.
The third class is intended for students of medicine. (See page 43.)
Among the works recommended to laboratory students are: Fresenius—"Qualitative
and Quantitative Analysis;" Greville Williams—"Handbook of Chemical Manipulation;"
Woehler—"Examples for Practice in Chemical Analysis;" Von Kobell—
"Tafeln zur Bestimmung der Mineralien" (also in English translation); Odling—
"Practical Chemistry for Medical Students;" A. Classen—"Elementary Quantitative
Analysis."
II. Agricultural Chemistry.
In this course there is one class, to which lectures are delivered three
times a week during two months of the session; or, when found more
convenient to students of Agriculture, one lecture a week is given for a
longer time. The chemical and physical properties of soils, of the
atmosphere, and of plants, the chemistry of the processes of vegetable
life and growth, the composition and chemical preparation of manures,
etc., are discussed.
Text-books:—J. F. W. Johnston and C. A. Cameron—"Elements of Agricultural
Chemistry and Geology" (12th edition). For reference:—S. W. Johnson—"How
Crops Grow," and "How Crops Feed;" N. T. Lupton—"Elementary Principles of
Scientific Agriculture."
Farmers who are not regular students of the University are invited to
attend this special course without charge.
III. Pharmacy.
Instruction is given in Practical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Chemistry. (See page 48.)
CORCORAN SCHOOL OF NATURAL HISTORY AND
GEOLOGY.
Prof. Fontaine.
In this School are three classes: Geology, Mineralogy, and Botany.
I. Geology.—This subject will be taught during the entire session,
and three lectures a week will be devoted to it, until the examination in
Mineralogy, which takes place usually in the latter part of February;
thereafter five lectures a week are given to Geology, until the final examination,
which takes place late in April. The aim of the course of instruction
is to give as thorough an exposition of the fundamental principles
of the science as possible, and to teach the student how to use
them in practical work in the field.
Text-books:—Le Conte's Elements of Geology. For reference—Dana's Manual,
and Lyell's Elements and Principles of Geology.
II. Mineralogy.—This subject will be studied until the intermediate
examination in February. Two lectures a week will be devoted to it.
Special attention will be paid to crystallography, as well as to the chemical
and physical properties of minerals. In Descriptive Mineralogy, the
mode of occurrence, the geological importance and relations of the
species will be made prominent.
Text-books:—Dana's Manual of Mineralogy and Lithology. For reference: Dana's
Text-book of Mineralogy.
III. Botany.—For the present this subject is transferred to the School
of Agriculture, Zoology and Botany. (See page 54.)
The large and carefully selected collections of geological, mineralogical,
and botanical objects found in the Lewis Brooks Museum of Natural
History (see page 62), afford unsurpassed facilities for the full illustration
of the principles taught. As free access to these collections is allowed
the student, he can find in their study an opportunity, rarely obtained, for
gaining a practical acquaintance with natural objects acquired from
various parts of the world, and chosen for their typical character. These
collections are especially useful to students pursuing special courses of
study in Geology, Mineralogy, and Botany.
The subjects Geology and Mineralogy are taught mainly by lectures.
These are supplemented by portions of the text-books.
In order to give the members of the classes in Geology and Mineralogy
an opportunity to study the method of field work, the Professor, when a
hitherto borne a portion of the expense of the party. The field work is
done in the month of July, and is entirely optional with the students.
Persons engaged in the study of Geology and Mineralogy may, although
not members of the University class, with the consent of the
Professor, and on paying $25 to the Proctor, join the exploring party.
SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL ASTRONOMY.
Prof. Stone.
The courses in this school are arranged primarily for persons proposing
to become practical astronomers. The Junior courses in Spherical and
Practical Astronomy are also recommended to students in Engineering;
the second Junior course in Spherical and Practical Astronomy, and the
courses in Celestial Mechanics and Computing, are recommended to
graduate students in Mathematics.
The courses pursued are as follows:
I. Spherical and Practical Astronomy.—Each twice a week.
1. Junior, first half.—Co-ordinates, their transformations, and their
changes; time, latitude, and longitude.
2. Junior, second half.—Interpolation; mechanical quadratures; least
squares.
3. Senior, first half.—The telescope; the meridian circle; refraction.
4. Senior, second half.—The equatorial; subsidiary instruments; star
catalogues.
Text Books:—Doolittle's Practical Astronomy; Chauvenet's Spherical and
Practical Astronomy; American Ephemeris; various memoirs and volumes of observations
in the observatory library.
II. Celestial Mechanics,—Each twice a week.
1. Junior, first half.—Relations referring to position in orbit and in
space; determination of the elements of a parabolic orbit.
2. Junior, second half.—Determination of the elements of an undisturbed
orbit, no assumption being made in regard to the eccentricity.
3. Senior, first half.—Special perturbations.
4. Senior, second half.—General perturbations.
Text-books:—Oppolzer's Lehrbuch zur Bahnbestimmung; Gauss's Theoria Motus;
Hansen's Auseinandersetzung; various memoirs.
III. Practice in Observing.
Junior.—Observations with the transit instrument for time and latitude;
with the small equatorial, of occultations, positions of comets, etc.
Senior.—Observations with the great equatorial.
IV. Practice in Computing.
Junior.—Reductions of observations; determination of the undisturbed
orbit of an asteroid.
Senior.—Reductions of observations; computation of the perturbations
of the asteroid whose orbit has been determined in the Junior course, up
to the time of the next opposition, including an ephemeris therefor.
Students, upon entering the school, should have a working knowledge
of the fundamental principles of co-ordinate geometry, plane and spherical
trigonometry, and differential and integral calculus. A previous knowledge
of French and German will not be insisted upon; but both of these
languages are continually employed in the work of the school.
For other courses in Astronomy, see Mixed Mathematics, p. 26, and
Senior Natural Philosophy, p. 27.
GRADUATE COURSES.
School of Mathematics.—The graduate course includes
1. The course of Mixed Mathematics. (See p. 26.)
2. Advanced Studies in the Modern Higher Geometry, the Infinitesimal
Calculus, and in the Higher Algebra.
For those candidates for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy who select
the Mathematics as their chief study, the graduate course will extend
through two sessions.
School of Natural Philosophy.—For graduate studies the reader is
referred to the Course in Practical Physics, page 27.
School of General and Industrial Chemistry.—The principal
part of the graduate course will consist of practical laboratory work on
subjects of original investigation, with special attention to the logical connection
between facts observed and conclusions to be drawn from them;
advanced reading may also be prescribed, especially in the shape of the
bibliography of particular topics, to be looked up from various sources
and condensed by the student.
School of Analytical and Agricultural Chemistry.—The course
for graduates in this school will be arranged to suit the aims of each student.
It consists of laboratory work in an advanced course of analysis,
comprising practice in the more elaborate processes of analysis, study of
methods of analysis, and original investigations in the composition of rare
or unusual minerals, and technical products presenting scientific or economic
interest.
School of Natural History and Geology.—In this School no fixed
course of study will be laid down for graduates. Subjects will be selected
from one or more of the branches included in the School, and assigned
to the students. As far as possible, original research will be required in
the treatment of the subjects chosen.
School of Practical Astronomy.—A prescribed course in this
School, to be agreed upon in a conference of the Professors interested,
will be considered as the equivalent of the graduate course in either
Mathematics or Natural Philosophy for graduates of these schools.
N. B—Graduation in a School is prerequisite to admission to the advanced
Graduate Course of that School; and for admission to a graduate
course in the School of General and Industrial Chemistry, or in the School
of Analytical and Agricultural Chemistry, previous graduation in both
the schools named will be required. But this part of the requirement
may be waived, provided satisfactory evidence be furnished that the student
has already made equivalent attainments elsewhere.
PREPARATION FOR THE ACADEMICAL
SCHOOLS.
Some special preparation for the courses taught in the Schools of Latin,
Greek and Mathematics will be found indispensable. But even for these
Schools it is more important that the preliminary studies should have been
careful and accurate in quality than that they should be extensive. For
the other Schools the essentials of a plain education in the common school
branches constitute the only indispensable preparation. In all the Schools
alike, however, the student who has had the benefit of mental training,
and who brings with him good and well-established habits of study, will
derive increased profit from the University instruction because of these
advantages.
In order to encourage the desire for a proper preliminary training, the
Legislature has made the free tuition of Virginia Academic students conditional
upon their reasonable preparation for the schools which they
wish to enter. (See p. 71.)
But it has never been the policy of the University to reject any student
merely because of deficient preparation. The standards of teaching and
of examination can be otherwise maintained; and experience has shown in
a multitude of instances that young men of vigorous mind and earnest purposes
of diligence, brought hither by a laudable ambition to excel, may
overcome all disadvantages, and become conspicuous among their fellows
for success in study. On the other hand, such cases of failure to profit
by the University teaching as sometimes occur are traceable, in nearly or
quite all cases, whatever may have been the state of preparation, to ill
health, to idle or vicious propensities, or at least to a lack of earnest and
resolute diligence. In such cases, as they arise, the proper remedy is
applied; it is not thought useful or necessary to guard against their occasional
occurrence by indiscriminate rejections at the outset.
The attention of the young men of Virginia who have been taught in
the Public Schools is especially invited to the advantages here offered
them for extended and substantial courses of study in those branches for
which their preparation is fairly adequate, and to which they are admitted
under the law without payment of tuition fees.
COURSES OF LIBERAL STUDY.
The system of independent schools, in the Academic, as well as the
other Departments of the University, assumes that opportunities for
study and instruction are privileges to be sought voluntarily and eagerly.
Students are therefore allowed to elect for themselves the courses of study
to which they are led by their individual tastes and proposed pursuits in
life. The wisdom of the founder in establishing such a system has been
amply vindicated by time and experience; and in recent years many institutions
of higher education in the United States have, to a greater or
less extent, adopted methods involving the same principle. And not
alone to those who wish to make special attainments in single departments
of knowledge does this freedom of election commend itself; it has
serious advantages also for most of those students who seek the common
goal of liberal education by ways which varying aptitude, varying preparation,
or varying opportunities render of necessity divergent.
But numerous and carefully arranged groups of studies leading to
liberal degrees have been marked out; and it is generally best for the
academic student from the outset to follow a definite plan of studies,
under competent advice, leading to one or more of these degrees, though
not necessarily limited by the requirements for any degree. A course
of study leading directly to an academical degree will have one or the
other of two general characters:—it will be a specialized literary or scientific
course on the one hand, or it will have a broader character, embracing
both literary and scientific studies. Of the former character will be
courses of study leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Letters and Doctor
of Letters, and to the degrees of Bachelor of Science and Doctor of
Science; while literary and scientific studies will be united in the courses
leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, Bachelor of
Philosophy, and Doctor of Philosophy.
The attainments required by the law for the several degrees are stated
elsewhere (see pp. 59, 60); but for the guidance of students in arranging
their plans of study some of the explanations most often needed are
given here.
Three different groups of studies lead to the degree of Bachelor of
Letters, as follows:
| (1). Latin. | (2). Latin. | (3). Latin. |
| Greek. | Greek. | Greek. |
| Moral Philosophy. | Moral Philosophy. | Moral Philosophy. |
| Modern Languages. | English. | Historical Science. |
In the first of these groups a still further variation may be introduced,
as the choice of the two languages to be pursued in the School of Modern
Languages is varied. (See p. 19.)
For the degree of Bachelor of Science the requirement is rigid and admits
of no variation, save in the order of taking up the several studies;
and the same may be said with reference to the degree of Master of Arts.
The number of possible groups of studies leading to the degree of
Bachelor of Philosophy is very considerable. Any three of the six Literary
Schools may be selected—say Latin, Greek, and Moral Philosophy;
or French and German, English and Historical Science; or Latin, Greek
and English (the number of possible combinations is twenty). After
making a choice among the Literary Schools, the student will select any
two of the four Schools in the Scientific Department—say Natural Philosophy
and Mathematics, or General Chemistry and Natural Philosophy
(the number of possible combinations is six).
The candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts also has a very wide
liberty in arranging his group of studies. By way of illustrating the meaning
of the law stated at p. 60, two specimen forms of compliance with its
three-fold requirement are here sketched:
| A. (1) Distinctions in | B. (1) Distinctions in |
| Senior Latin. | Senior Latin. |
| Junior and Intermediate Greek. | Junior and Intermediate Greek. |
| Junior Physics. | Junior Physics. |
| Logic. | Philosophy. |
| A Proficiency in | A Proficiency in |
| Junior and Intermediate Mathematics. | Junior and Intermediate Mathematics. |
| (2). A Distinction in | (2). Proficiencies in |
| General Chemistry. | Geology and |
| A Diploma in | Rhetoric and English Literature. |
| French. | (3). Graduation in |
| (3). Graduation in | Mathematics and |
| English and | Moral Philosophy. |
| Historical Science. |
The student should seek competent advice, not only in relation to the
choice, but the order also of his studies. Upon this subject no fixed law
can be laid down equally applicable in all cases.
SPECIAL COURSES OF INSTRUCTION FOR TEACHERS IN
THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
White male teachers and superintendents of the Free Schools of Virginia
will be admitted, during the last three months of the session, to the
Schools of the Academical Department of the University without payment
of fees. Applicants will present certificates from the State Superintendent,
or from their respective County Superintendents, that they have
been teachers or superintendents in the Public Free Schools.
In order still more fully to open the doors of university training to their
fellow-workers in the Public School System of the State, the members of
the Faculty will offer the following special courses of instruction. The
bracketed numerals show the number of weekly lessons:
Latin:
1. A special course in Cæsar (or Ovid or Sallust) and Latin Composition. [3.]
2. The regular course in Cicero (or Horace) with the Junior Class. [3.]
Greek:
A special course in Xenophon's Anabasis. [2.]
English:
A special course in Historical English Grammar. [2.]
French:
1. A special course for beginners. [2.]
2. The regular course with the Junior Class. [2.]
German:
1. A special course for beginners. [2.]
2. The regular course with the Junior Class. [2.]
Pure Mathematics:
1. A special course in Arithmetic and introduction to Geometry. [2.]
2. The regular course in Elementary Plane Trigonometry with the Junior Class. [3.]
Applied Mathematics:
Ten lessons in Land Surveying with Field Work.
Natural Philosophy:
1. The regular course in Electricity with the Junior Class. [3.]
2. A special course in Electricity for teachers. [1.]
3. A special course in Practical Physics in the Laboratory.
Chemistry:
Ten lectures on Elementary Ideas in Chemistry.
Botany:
A special course in Elementary Botany. [2.]
Geography:
1. A special course in General Geography. [1.]
2. A special course in Physical Geography in its relations to Geology. [1 a week
to May 15.]
Pedagogics:
1. Special course on Psychology in its relations to the Theory of Education.
2. Lectures on the History of Education. [1.]
3. Lectures on the Methods of Teaching History in Schools.
Students matriculated under the above provision may also attend any
of the regular classes in the Academical Department of the University
without charge. At the conclusion of the courses certificates of attendance
will be given by the several Professors to those students whose work
is approved.
Applicants for admission are requested to send in their names to the
Chairman of the Faculty not later than March 15. University dormitories
will be assigned free of rent, in the order of application, as far as
the vacant rooms will serve. Lodging can also be had near the University,
or in Charlottesville. The only necessary expenses will be for board,
lights and washing, which will together cost from $3.50 to $5.50 a week.
For further information address the Chairman of the Faculty.
LOCAL EXAMINATIONS.
Written examinations, first instituted in 1878, will be held on Thursday,
April 28, 1887, and the two following days at different centres by
examiners appointed by the University. Centres will be established
wherever an examination is desired by a sufficient number of candidates
of either sex.
The examinations, which are of two grades, will cover the subjects
usually taught in the higher public and private schools. Candidates who
pass with credit will receive certificates to that effect; and twenty gold
medals will be awarded in 1887 for distinguished merit.
Every candidate admitted to examination will be required to pay a fee
of two dollars to defray necessary expenses. The latest day of entry is
April 15, 1887.
Teachers and others interested will please apply for further information
to the Chairman of the Faculty.
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