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WILLIAM M. THORNTON, LL. D.,	Professor of Applied Mathematics.
WILLIAM H. ECHOLS, B. S., C. E.,	Professor of Mathematics
FRANCIS H. SMITH, M. A., LL. D.,	Professor of Physics.
ORMOND STONE, M. A.,	Professor of Astronomy.
JOHN W. MALLET, M. D., Ph. D., LL. D., F. R. S.,	Prof. of Chemistry.
FRANCIS P. DUNNINGTON, B. S.,	Professor of Analytical Chemistry.
WILLIAM M. FONTAINE, M. A.,	Professor of Geology.
ALBERT H. TUTTLE, M. S.,	Professor of Biology.
JAMES M. PAGE, A. M., Ph. D.,	Adjunct Professor of Mathematics.
J. WALTER MAYO,	Instructor in Applied Mathematics.
W. J. HUMPHREYS, B. A., C. E., Ph. D.,	Instructor in Physics.

This Department is constituted from the eight Schools of Applied Mathematics,
Mathematics, Physics, Astronomy, Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Geology and
Biology. In each school two courses are offered, a B. S. course, coincident in
general with the B. A. course or courses in that school, and an advanced course,
coincident usually with one of the M. A. courses of the school, as described in
the earlier pages of these Announcements. In addition to these general courses
there is offered in the school of Applied Mathematics a complete series of technical
courses in the various branches of Engineering—Civil, Mining and Mechanical.
Each course is subdivided into three sections, terminating at the time of the
Midwinter, Spring, and Final Examinations, respectively. The method of instruction
is by systematic lectures, and the study of appropriate text-books, com-
bined with a large amount of practical work in the drawing-room, the laboratories,
and the field. With each lecture course a series of such practical exercises is as-
sociated and the student is not permitted to present himself as a candidate for
graduation until these exercises have been duly performed.

SYLLABUS OF THE COURSES OF INSTRUCTION.

The following succinct description of the technical courses offered is added for
the information of students who desire to enter upon work in this department.
Courses I and II are required from all candidates for graduation and one of III
or IV with one of V or VI. It is earnestly recommended, however, that every
student pursue both III and IV. The sub-heads, marked a, b, c, indicate the
work done in the Fall, Winter and Spring terms, respectively.

I. Projective Geometry.

a. Introductory course in Mechanical Drawing, including the instruments and
their uses; orthogonal projections; elementary problems in the intersections of
surfaces, and in shadows and perspective. Tracy's Mechanical Drawing.

b. Descriptive Geometry of plane and curved surfaces, with applications to
shades and shadows, and to axonometric and perspective projections. Millar's
Descriptive Geometry; Hill's Shades, Shadows, and Perspective.

c. Technical Drawing of constructions in masonry, timber, and metals, introductory
to the design of structures and machines. Low's Machine Drawing and
Design; Burrell's Elementary Building Construction and Drawing.

II. General Mechanics.

a. Elementary Theoretical Mechanics, including Dynamics, Statics, and Hydrostatics.
Glazebrook's Mechanics.

b. Strength of Materials, including the theoretical principles of stress, strain,
elasticity, and resistence, and their applications in the design of the parts of structures
and machines. Greene's Structural Mechanics.

c. Graphical Statics, applied to Roofs and Bridges, to Retaining and Reservoir
Walls, and to Masonry Arches. Jacoby's Graphical Statics, with lectures.

III. Engineering Geodesy.

a. Land, Mine, and City Surveying; Levelling; Construction of maps and
plans; mensuration of areas of land and of volumes of earthwork and masonry.
Raymond's Surveying.

b. Railway Surveying; location and construction of railways and highways;
earthwork, rockwork, foundations, masonry, carpentry, ironwork, track construction
and maintenance. Nagle's Field Book; Byrne's Highway Construction.

c. Hydrographic Surveying; measurement of the flow of water; design and
location of pipes, flumes, and canals; construction of works for the storage and
conveyance of water; river engineering. Vernon Harcourt's Rivers and Canals;
Wilson's Irrigation Engineering; Fanning's Water Supply Engineering.

IV. Steam Engineering.

a. Steam Boilers; their design, construction, operation and testing, with the
principles and practice of the heating and ventilation of buildings by direct and
indirect methods. Peabody and Miller's Steam Boilers; Carpenter's Heating and
Ventilation of Buildings.

b. Steam Engines; the thermodynamics of steam and the steam engine; the
mechanism of the engine, valve gears, governors, and fly-wheels; typical forms of
steam engine. Ewing's Steam Engine; Peabody's Steam Tables.

c. Machine design; the strength and proportions of parts of machines, including
the construction of fastenings, beams, couplings, and gearing of all sorts, and
the complete design of some typical form of steam engine. Low and Bevis's
Manual of Machine Drawing and Design; Hermann's Graphical Statics of Mechanisms;
Lectures.

V. Civil Engneering.

a. Structures in Timber, Iron, and Steel, with especial reference to bridges and
the analysis and design of rolled beams, plate girders, lattice girders, trusses, and
elastic arches. Wright and Wing's Manual of Bridge Drafting; Burr's Stresses in
Bridge and Roof Trusses; Lectures.

b. Structures in Masonry, including foundations, piers, arches, domes, retaining
walls and reservoir walls. Baker's Masonry Construction, with lectures.

c. Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering, including systems of water supply,
sewerage, and sewage disposal for cities. Turner and Brightmore's Water-works Engineering;
Waring's Sewerage and Land Drainage.

VI. Mechanical Engineering.

a. Dynamics of Machines, including the study of fly-wheels, governors, dynamometers,
and of systems for the storage and transmission of power. Lectures with
reference to special treatises for parallel reading.

b. Hydraulic Machinery, including theoretical and practical hydraulics, hydraulic
motors, pumps, and hydraulic transmissions of power. Merriman's Hydraulics;
Lectures on Hydraulic Motors; Weisbach's Pumps and Pumping Machinery.

c. Heat Engines, including the general principles of Thermodynamics, gas
engines, air compressors and compressed air engines, blowing and ventilating
machinery, and refrigerating machinery. Clerk's Gas Engines, with lectures.

VII. Electrical Engineering. [Not offered in 1888-89.]

In addition to the foregoing it is proposed to develop in the near future a parallel
course of Electrical Engineering, in which, on the basis of the courses in Electricity
and Magnetism given in the department of Physics, the technical extensions
of the science to engineering problems will be fully treated. This course will
embrace the following:

a. Direct current machines, their design, construction, testing and operation,
with detailed study of typical forms of continuous current generators and motors.

b. Alternating currents and alternating current machinery; design, construction,
testing and operation of generators and transformers; polyphase circuits, alternating
current motors.

c. Electrical systems for the conveyance and distribution of light, heat, and
power, and of the storage of electrical energy.

PREPARATION OF THE STUDENT.

No student can hopefully enter upon the scientific study of Engineering without
adequate preliminary training in Pure Mathematics. For this purpose the
work embraced in Course A of the School of Pure Mathematics is considered a
minimum, and all students are advised to complete at least the equivalent of this
course. For the more advanced work of the department such knowledge of the
Calculus as is to be obtained in the class B of the same school, will be found essential,
but also ample. The following arrangements of courses leading to the B. S.
degree in engineering are recommended:

	First Year.	Second Year.	Third Year.
Civil Engineering.	Projective Geometry. Engineering Geodesy. Mathematics (B. A.) General Chemistry.	General Mechanics. Mathematics (M. A.) General Physics.	Civil Engineering. Analytical Chemistry (B.S.) General Geology.
Mining Engineering.	Projective Geometry. Engineering Geodesy. Mathematics (B. A.) General Chemistry.	General Mechanics. General Physics. Industrial Chemistry. General Geology.	Analytical Chemistry. Steam Engineering. M. A. Geology.
Mechanical Engineering.	Projective Geometry. Mathematics (B. A.) General Chemistry. General Physics.	General Mechanics. Mathematics (M. A.) Steam Engineering. Electricity & Magnetism.	Mechanical Engineering. Analytical Chemistry (B.S.) General Geology.

EQUIPMENT.

The new Mechanical Laboratory, designed especially for the work of instruction
in Engineering, is a handsome building, one hundred and eighty-five feet long and
seventy feet deep. The lecture-rooms, the offices for the professors, and the drawing-room
are upon the first floor, and the latter is in close contiguity with rooms
for blue-printing and other photographic work, which have been conveniently
arranged under the roof.

The lower floor is devoted to the purposes of laboratory instruction in engineering
mechanics. The equipment for engine tests consists of a high-speed Ball
automatic engine, arranged so that it can be operated either condensing or noncondensing,
a Wheeler condenser, indicators, and friction brakes, thermometers,
calorimeters and gauges, the whole constituting a complete outfit for illustrating
the best methods of determining the power and efficiency of the steam engine.

For work in the strength and elasticity of materials there has been provided a
Riehle automatic and autographic testing machine of one hundred thousand pounds
capacity, a plain Olsen machine of the same capacity, an Olsen torsional tester for
specimens up to five feet in length and one and one-half inches in diameter, an
Olsen transverse tester for loads up to eight thousand pounds, and a full outfit of the
extensometers, deflection meters, micrometers, and so on, needed with these machines.

For testing cements, mortars, and concretes, an Olsen lever machine and an automatic
Fairbanks machine have been provided, with a proper outfit of accessory
apparatus. In addition, a machine for compression tests is now in process of construction
in the Laboratory, and will be used later for special researches.

For testing lubricants an Olsen machine for journal friction has been secured, an
Engler viscosimeter, apparatus for flash tests and chill tests, thermometers, hydrometers,
and so on, and, in addition, a new machine is now under construction in
the Laboratory specially designed for experiments on pivot friction.

For tests of fuels, furnaces and boilers, the heating plant of the University
furnishes an ample basis of experiment. It consists of two large horizontal, return
tubular boilers, each with capacity of over one hundred and forty horsepowers.
Adequate provision has been made for complete tests of the heating
power of the fuels used, the quality of the steam, the temperatures in the furnaces,
flues, and chimney, the constitution of the furnace gases, and the economy
and efficiency of the plant. A Favre and Silbermann calorimeter, a Siemens pyrometer,
Orsat gas analysis apparatus of an improved type, steam calorimeters, thermometers,
gauges, and scales constitute the outfit for this work.

Careful attention has been paid to the means for standardizing the apparatus
employed. A mercury column for direct measurements of pressure up to two
hundred and fifty pounds to the square inch is now under construction, and will
provide for the exact calibration of steam and hydraulic gauges, indicators, and so
on. An accurately constructed Regnault air thermometer, with the usual apparatus
for testing the fundamental points of thermometric graduation will be used
to standardize all calorimeters, pyrometers, and thermometers. Standard weights
and measures are provided for testing apparatus for measurement of length and
mass. The attempt has been made in every particular to provide an equipment
which will afford the student of engineering adequate and accurate training in
rational and practical methods of test and of research.

The investigations and studies of the Testing Laboratory constitute the centre
towards which all the processes of instruction will converge. Students will be
induced, as far as possible, to secure their training in shop work before entering
upon their engineering studies. For those who are unable to secure such training,
the time and energy devoted to mere shop practice will be reduced to a minimum.
Each member of the school will be assigned to some special problem; will prepare
in the drafting-room the necessary drawings, tracings, and blue-prints for his
work, execute the patterns in the wood-shops, make the castings and forgings
needed in the foundry and forge-room, finish and fit the parts in the metal-shop,
and finally carry out in detail the experimental investigation contemplated. The
object of the course of instruction will be to make engineers rather than machinists,
and all details of the work will be organized with that end in view.

For the purpose of carrying into effect this programme of instruction all the
departments accessory to the Laboratory have been simply, but effectively, fitted
up with hand and machine tools of the best modern construction. Needless duplication
has been avoided and the various sizes and makes of machine tools have
been selected, so as to illustrate the best present practice of American designers.

The Wood-shop contains lathes of various sizes, a swing-saw, a saw-table with
slitting and cut-off saws, a band-saw, a scroll-saw, a jointer, a planer, and a grindstone,
with a sufficient number of benches for hand work, and a proper outfit of
hand tools.

The Metal-shop contains Fitchburg and Reed engine lathes of various sizes,
a 24-inch Whitcomb planer, a 20-inch Barnes drill-press, a 26-inch Davis and
Egan drill-press, a 15-inch crank-shaper of the same make, a Universal milling-machine
and a Universal grinder, both from Brown and Sharpe, an emery grinder,
a grindstone, a cut-off saw, a gas forge and Reichhelm blower, for forging and
tempering tools and other small pieces, with work benches and a full outfit of hand
tools.

The Foundry is fitted up with a 30-inch Whiting cupola, a brass furnace, and
the necessary founders' tools, benches and moulding troughs for sand moulding
and core work. The Forge-room is provided with four Sturtevant forges, a smiths'
bench, and the necessary outfit of smiths' tools for each forge. Both the Foundry
and Forge-room are located in the Boiler House, and the blast and exhaust fans
for this work are operated by a small Sturtevant automatic steam engine located
in the same building.

The equipment of the department in field instruments is modern and complete.
It contains a Y level, a dumpy level, a plain transit, a complete transit with vertical
arc, stadia wires, and gradienter, a plane-table, a sextant, compasses, levelling
rods, mercurial and aneroid barometers, tapes, chains, planimeter, protractor, and
all needful accessory apparatus for land, city, railway, and hydrographic surveying.
Instruction in field engineering as well as in the construction of plans and
maps is thorough and practical.

COURSES LEADING TO DEGREES.

In each School of this Department a diploma of graduation is conferred in the
B. S. course, and students who complete both the B. S. course and an advanced
or M. A. course are entitled to a diploma of graduation in the School.

The titled degree of Bachelor of Science is conferred upon a student who has
been graduated in seven B. S. courses, selected from the following five groups, but
so that at least one course is taken from each group; and has in addition been
graduated in two of the seven schools elected.

A. Mathematics—Mechanics.

B. Physics—Astronomy.

C. Chemistry—Analytical Chemistry.

D. Geology—Biology.

E. Applied Mathematies.

The subjects elected as the major studies will be indicated in the diploma.

The following programme shows the arrangement of hours for lecture in this
department:

	Mon. Wed. Fri.	Tues. Thurs. Sat.
9-10	Civil Engineering. Geology (M. A.)	Mechanical Engineering. General Geology. Mathematics (A.)
10-11	Projective Geometry. Physics (M. A.) Analytical Chemistry.	Engineering Goodesy. Electricity and Magnetism. Analytical Chemistry.
11-12½	B. A. Mathematics I. M. A. Mathematics. General Chemistry.	B. A. Mathematics II. Analytical Mechanics. General Physics.
12½-1½	General Mechanics. General Astronomy. Comparative Anatomy.	Steam Engineering. Astronomy (M. A.) Botany.

The afternoons, from 2.30 to 5.30, are devoted to practical work. The lectures
in Industrial Chemistry are given in the afternoons of Monday, Wednesday and
Friday.

EXPENSES.

The necessary expenses at the University of a student in the Department of
Engineering may be estimated at from $290 a year upward, according to the mode
of living. This is somewhat diminished in the case of Virginia students by the
provisions for their free tuitions in certain schools. A fuller statement of expenses,
including the conditions under which Virginia students are entitled to free tuition,
may be found in a subsequent section.