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The Spirit of the Laws

  
[title page]
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The Translator to the Reader
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
  
CONTENTS
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PREFACE
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
  
ADVERTISEMENT

collapse section1. 
Book I. Of Laws in General.
collapse section1.1. 
1. Of the Relation of Laws to different Beings.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section1.2. 
2. Of the Laws of Nature.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section1.3. 
3. Of Positive Laws.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section2. 
Book II. Of Laws Directly Derived from the Nature of Government.
 2.1. 
1. Of the Nature of the three different Governments.
collapse section2.2. 
2. Of the Republican Government, and the Laws in relation to Democracy.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section2.3. 
3. Of the Laws in relation to the Nature of Aristocracy.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section2.4. 
4. Of the Relation of Laws to the Nature of Monarchical Government.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section2.5. 
5. Of the Laws in relation to the Nature of a despotic Government.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section3. 
Book III. Of the Principles of the Three Kinds of Government.
collapse section3.1. 
1. Difference between the Nature and Principle of Government.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 3.2. 
2. Of the Principle of different Governments.
collapse section3.3. 
3. Of the Principle of Democracy.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section3.4. 
4. Of the Principle of Aristocracy.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section3.5. 
5. That Virtue is not the Principle of a Monarchical Government.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section3.6. 
6. In what Manner Virtue is supplied in a Monarchical Government.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 3.7. 
7. Of the Principle of Monarchy.
collapse section3.8. 
8. That Honour is not the Principle of Despotic Government.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section3.9. 
9. Of the Principle of Despotic Government.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section3.10. 
10. Difference of Obedience in Moderate and Despotic Governments.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 3.11. 
11. Reflections on the preceding Chapters.
collapse section4. 
Book IV. That the Laws of Education Ought to Be in Relation to the Principles of Government.
 4.1. 
1. Of the Laws of Education.
collapse section4.2. 
2. Of Education in Monarchies.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section4.3. 
3. Of Education in a Despotic Government.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 4.4. 
4. Difference between the Effects of Ancient and Modern Education.
 4.5. 
5. Of Education in a Republican Government.
collapse section4.6. 
6. Of some Institutions among the Greeks.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section4.7. 
7. In what Cases these singular Institutions may be of Service.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section4.8. 
8. Explanation of a Paradox of the Ancients in respect to Manners.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section5. 
Book V. That the Laws Given by the Legislator Ought to Be in Relation to the Principle of Government.
 5.1. 
1. Idea of this Book.
 5.2. 
2. What is meant by Virtue in a political State.
 5.3. 
3. What is meant by a Love of the Republic in a Democracy.
 5.4. 
4. In what Manner the Love of Equality and Frugality is inspired.
collapse section5.5. 
5. In what Manner the Laws establish Equality in a Democracy.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section5.6. 
6. In what Manner the Laws ought to maintain Frugality in a Democracy.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section5.7. 
7. Other Methods of favouring the Principle of Democracy.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section5.8. 
8. In what Manner the Laws should relate to the Principle of Government in an Aristocracy.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section5.9. 
9. In what Manner the Laws are in relation to their Principle in Monarchies.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section5.10. 
10. Of the Expedition peculiar to the Executive Power in Monarchies.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 5.11. 
11. Of the Excellence of a Monarchical Government.
 5.12. 
12. The same Subject continued.
 5.13. 
13. An Idea of Despotic Power.
collapse section5.14. 
14. In what Manner the Laws are in relation to the Principles of Despotic Government.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section5.15. 
15. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section5.16. 
16. Of the Communication of Power.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section5.17. 
17. Of Presents.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 5.18. 
18. Of Rewards conferred by the Sovereign.
collapse section5.19. 
19. New Consequences of the Principles of the three Governments.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section6. 
Book VI. Consequences of the Principles of Different Governments with Respect to the Simplicity of Civil and Criminal Laws, the Form of Judgments, and the Inflicting of Punishments.
collapse section6.1. 
1. Of the Simplicity of Civil Laws in different Governments.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 6.2. 
3. In what Governments and in what Cases the Judges ought to determine according to the express Letter of the Law.
collapse section6.3. 
3. Of the Manner of passing Judgment.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section6.4. 
5. In what Governments the Sovereign may be Judge.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 6.5. 
5. That in Monarchies Ministers ought not to sit as Judges.
collapse section6.6. 
6. Of a single Magistrate.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section6.7. 
7. Of Accusation in different Governments.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section6.8. 
8. Of the Severity of Punishments in different Governments.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section6.9. 
9. Of the ancient French Laws.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section6.10. 
10. That when People are virtuous few Punishments are necessary.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section6.11. 
11. Of the Power of Punishments.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section6.12. 
12. Insufficiency of the Laws of Japan.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section6.13. 
13. Of the Spirit of the Roman Senate.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section6.14. 
14. Of the Roman Laws in respect to Punishments.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section6.15. 
15. Of the just Proportion between Punishments and Crimes.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section6.16. 
16. Of the Rack.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section6.17. 
17. Of pecuniary and corporal Punishments.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section6.18. 
18. Of the Law of Retaliation.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section6.19. 
19. Of the Punishment of Fathers for the Crimes of their Children.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section6.20. 
20. Of the Clemency of the Prince.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section7. 
Book VII. Consequences of the Different Principles of the Three Governments with Respect to Sumptuary Laws, Luxury, and the Condition of Women.
collapse section7.1. 
1. Of Luxury.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section7.2. 
2. Of sumptuary Laws in a Democracy.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 7.3. 
3. Of sumptuary Laws in an Aristocracy.
collapse section7.4. 
4. Of sumptuary Laws in a Monarchy.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section7.5. 
5. In what Cases sumptuary Laws are useful in a Monarchy.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section7.6. 
6. Of the Luxury of China.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 7.7. 
7. Fatal Consequence of Luxury in China.
 7.8. 
8. Of public Continency.
collapse section7.9. 
9. Of the Condition or State of Women in different Governments.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section7.10. 
10. Of the domestic Tribunal among the Romans.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section7.11. 
11. In what Manner the Institutions changed at Rome, together with the Government.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section7.12. 
12. Of the Guardianship of Women among the Romans.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section7.13. 
13. Of the Punishments decreed by the Emperors against the Incontinence of Women.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section7.14. 
14. Sumptuary Laws among the Romans.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section7.15. 
15. Of Dowries and Nuptial Advantages in different Constitutions.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section7.16. 
16. An excellent Custom of the Samnites.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section7.17. 
17. Of Female Administration.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section8. 
Book VIII. Of the Corruption of the Principles of the Three Governments.
 8.1. 
1. General Idea of this Book.
collapse section8.2. 
2. Of the Corruption of the Principles of Democracy.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 8.3. 
3. Of the Spirit of extreme Equality.
collapse section8.4. 
4. Particular Cause of the Corruption of the People.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section8.5. 
5. Of the Corruption of the Principle of Aristocracy.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section8.6. 
6. Of the Corruption of the Principle of Monarchy.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section8.7. 
7. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 8.8. 
8. Danger of the Corruption of the Principle of monarchical Government.
 8.9. 
9. How ready the Nobility are to defend the Throne.
 8.10. 
10. Of the Corruption of the Principle of despotic Government.
collapse section8.11. 
11. Natural Effects of the Goodness and Corruption of the Principles of Government.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 7.12. 
12. The same Subject continued.
collapse section8.13. 
13. The Effect of an Oath among virtuous People.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section8.14. 
14. How the smallest Change of the Constitution is attended with the Ruin of its Principles.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 8.15. 
15. Sure Methods of preserving the three Principles.
collapse section8.16. 
16. Distinctive Properties of a Republic.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 8.17. 
17. Distinctive Properties of a Monarchy.
collapse section8.18. 
18. Particular Case of the Spanish Monarchy.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 8.19. 
19. Distinctive Properties of a despotic Government.
 8.20. 
20. Consequence of the preceding Chapters.
collapse section8.21. 
21. Of the Empire of China.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section9. 
Book IX., Of Laws in the Relation They Bear to a Defensive Force.
collapse section9.1. 
1. In what Manner Republics provide for their Safety.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 9.2. 
2. That a confederate Government ought to be composed of States of the same Nature, especially of the republican Kind.
collapse section9.3. 
3. Other Requisites in a confederate Republic.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 9.4. 
4. In what Manner despotic Governments provide for their Security.
 9.5. 
5. In what Manner a Monarchical Government provides for its Security.
 9.6. 
6. Of the defensive Force of States in general.
 9.7. 
7. A Reflection.
 9.8. 
8. A particular Case in which the defensive Force of a State is inferior to the offensive.
 9.9. 
9. Of the relative Force of States.
 9.10. 
10. Of the Weakness of neighbouring States.
collapse section10. 
Book X. Of Laws in the Relation They Bear to Offensive Force.
 10.1. 
1. Of offensive Force.
 10.2. 
2. Of War.
collapse section10.3. 
3. Of the Right of Conquest.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 10.4. 
4. Some Advantages of a conquered People.
collapse section10.5. 
5. Gelon, King of Syracuse.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section10.6. 
6. Of Conquest made by a Republic.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 10.7. 
7. The same Subject continued.
collapse section10.8. 
8. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 10.9. 
9. Of Conquests made by a Monarchy.
 10.10. 
10. Of one Monarchy that subdues another.
collapse section10.11. 
11. Of the Manners of a conquered People.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section10.12. 
12. Of a Law of Cyrus.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 10.13. 
13. Charles XII.
collapse section10.14. 
14. Alexander.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 10.15. 
15. New Methods of preserving a Conquest.
 10.16. 
16. Of Conquests made by a despotic Prince.
collapse section10.17. 
17. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section11. 
Book XI. Of the Laws Which Establish Political Liberty, with Regard to the Consti- tution.
 11.1. 
1. A general Idea.
collapse section11.2. 
2. Different Significations of the word Liberty.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 11.3. 
3. In what Liberty consists.
 11.4. 
4. The same Subject continued.
collapse section11.5. 
5. Of the End or View of different Governments.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section11.6. 
6. Of the Constitution of England.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 11.7. 
7. Of the Monarchies we are acquainted with.
 11.8. 
8. Why the Ancients had not a clear Idea of Monarchy.
collapse section11.9. 
9. Aristotle's Manner of Thinking.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section11.10. 
10. What other Politicians thought.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section11.11. 
11. Of the Kings of the heroic Times of Greece.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section11.12. 
12. Of the Government of the Kings of Rome, and in what Manner the three Powers were there distributed.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 11.13. 
13. General Reflections on the State of Rome after the Expulsion of its Kings.
collapse section11.14. 
14. In what Manner the Distribution of the three Powers began to change after the Expulsion of the Kings.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 11.15. 
15. In what Manner Rome, in the flourishing State of that Republic, suddenly lost its Liberty.
collapse section11.16. 
16. Of the legislative Power in the Roman Republic.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section11.17. 
17. Of the executive Power in the same Republic.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section11.19. 
19. Of the Government of the Roman Provinces.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 11.20. 
20. The End of this Book.
collapse section12. 
Book XII. Of the Laws That Form Political Liberty, in Relation to the Subject.
 12.1. 
1. Idea of this Book.
collapse section12.2. 
2. Of the Liberty of the Subject.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section12.3. 
3. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section12.4. 
4. That Liberty is favoured by the Nature and Proportion of Punishments.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section12.5. 
5. Of certain Accusations that require particular Moderation and Prudence.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section12.6. 
6. Of the Crime against Nature.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section12.7. 
7. Of the Crime of High Treason.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section12.8. 
8. Of the Misapplication of the Terms Sacrilege and High Treason.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section12.9. 
9. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section12.10. 
10. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section12.11. 
11. Of Thoughts.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section12.12. 
12. Of indiscreet Speeches.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section12.13. 
13. Of Writings.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section12.14. 
14. Breach of Modesty in punishing Crimes.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section12.15. 
15. Of the Enfranchisement of Slaves in order to accuse their Master.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section12.16. 
16. Of Calumny with regard to the Crime of High Treason.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section12.17. 
17. Of the revealing of Conspiracies.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section12.18. 
18. How dangerous it is in Republics to be too severe in punishing the Crime of High Treason.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section12.19. 
19. In what Manner the Use of Liberty is suspended in a Republic.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section12.20. 
20. Of Laws favourable to the Liberty of the Subject in a Republic.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section12.21. 
21. Of the Cruelty of Laws in respect to Debtors in a Republic.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 12.22. 
22. Of Things that strike at Liberty in Monarchies.
 12.23. 
23. Of Spies in Monarchies.
collapse section12.24. 
24. Of Anonymous Letters.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section12.25. 
25. Of the Manner of governing in Monarchies.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section12.26. 
26. That in a Monarchy the Prince ought to be of easy Access.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 12.27. 
27. Of the Manners of a Monarch.
 12.28. 
28. Of the Regard which Monarchs owe to their Subjects.
collapse section12.29. 
29. Of the civil Laws proper for mixing some portion of Liberty in a despotic Government.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section12.30. 
[chapter]
  
30. The same Subject continued.
  
Footnotes
collapse section13. 
Book XIII. Of the Relation Which the Levying of Taxes and the Greatness of the Public Revenues Bear to Liberty.
 13.1. 
1. Of the Public Revenues.
 13.2. 
2. That it is bad Reasoning to say that the Greatness of Taxes is good in its own Nature.
 13.3. 
3. Of Taxes in Countries where Part of the People are Villains or Bondmen.
collapse section13.4. 
4. Of a Republic in the like Case.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section13.5. 
5. Of a Monarchy in the like Case.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 13.6. 
6. Of a despotic Government in the like Case.
collapse section13.7. 
7. Of Taxes in Countries where Villainage is not established.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 13.8. 
8. In what Manner the Deception is preserved.
 13.9. 
9. Of a bad Kind of Impost.
 13.10. 
10. That the Greatness of Taxes depends on the Nature of the Government.
collapse section13.11. 
11. Of Confiscations.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section13.12. 
12. Relation between the Weight of Taxes and Liberty.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 13.13. 
13. In what Government Taxes are capable of Increase.
 13.14. 
14. That the Nature of the Taxes is in Relation to the Government.
collapse section13.15. 
15. Abuse of Liberty.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section13.16. 
16. Of the Conquests of the Mahometans.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section13.17. 
17. Of the Augmentation of Troops.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section13.18. 
18. Of an Exemption from Taxes.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section13.19. 
19. Which is more suitable to the Prince and to the People, the farming the Revenues, or managing them by Commission?
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 13.20. 
20. Of the Farmers of the Revenues.
collapse section14. 
Book XIV. Of Laws in Relation to the Nature of the Climate.
 14.1. 
1. General Idea.
collapse section14.2. 
2. Of the Difference of Men in different Climates.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section14.3. 
3. Contradiction in the Tempers of some Southern Nations.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section14.4. 
4. Cause of the Immutability of Religion, Manners, Customs, and Laws in the Eastern Countries.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section14.5. 
5. That those are bad Legislators who favour the Vices of the Climate, and good Legislators who oppose those Vices.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 14.6. 
6. Of Agriculture in warm Climates. Agriculture is the principal labour of man.
 14.7. 
7. Of Monkery.
collapse section14.8. 
8. An excellent Custom of China.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 14.9. 
9. Means of encouraging Industry.
collapse section14.10. 
10. Of the Laws in relation to the Sobriety of the People.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section14.11. 
11. Of the Laws in relation to the Distempers of the Climate.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section14.12. 
12. Of the Laws against Suicides.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section14.13. 
13. Effects arising from the Climate of England.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section14.14. 
14. Other Effects of the Climate.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section14.15. 
15. Of the different Confidence which the Laws have in the People, according to the Difference of Climates.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section15. 
Book XV. In What Manner the Laws of Civil Slavery Relate to the Nature of the Climate.
 15.1. 
1. Of civil Slavery.
collapse section15.2. 
2. Origin of the Right of Slavery among the Roman Civilians.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section15.3. 
3. Another Origin of the Right of Slavery.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section15.4. 
4. Another Origin of the Right of Slavery.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 15.5. 
5. Of the Slavery of the Negroes.
collapse section15.6. 
6. The true Origin of the Right of Slavery.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section15.7. 
7. Another Origin of the Right of Slavery.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section15.8. 
8. Inutility of Slavery among us.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section15.9. 
9. Several Kinds of Slavery.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 15.10. 
10. Regulations necessary in respect to Slavery.
collapse section15.11. 
11. Abuses of Slavery.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section15.12. 
12. Danger from the Multitude of Slaves.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section15.13. 
13. Of armed Slaves.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section15.14. 
14. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section15.15. 
15. Precautions to be used in Moderate Governments.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section15.16. 
16. Regulations between Masters and Slaves.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section15.17. 
17. Of Enfranchisements.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section15.18. 
18. Of Freedmen and Eunuchs.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section16. 
Book XVI. How the Laws of Domestic Slavery Bear a Relation to the Nature of the Climate.
 16.1. 
1. Of domestic Servitude.
collapse section16.2. 
2. That in the Countries of the South there is a natural Inequality between the two Sexes.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section16.3. 
3. That a Plurality of Wives greatly depends on the Means of supporting them.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section16.4. 
4. That the Law of Polygamy is an affair that depends on Calculation.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section16.5. 
5. The Reason of a Law of Malabar.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section16.6. 
6. Of Polygamy considered in itself.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section16.7. 
7. Of an Equality of Treatment in case of many Wives.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section16.8. 
8. Of the Separation of Women from Men.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 16.9. 
9. Of the Connection between domestic and political Government.
collapse section16.10. 
10. The Principle on which the Morals of the East are founded.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 16.11. 
11. Of domestic Slavery independently of Polygamy.
 16.12. 
12. Of natural Modesty.
collapse section16.13. 
13. Of Jealousy.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 16.14. 
14. Of the Eastern Manner of domestic Government.
collapse section16.15. 
15. Of Divorce and Repudiation.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section16.16. 
16. Of Repudiation and Divorce amongst the Romans.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section17. 
Book XVII., How the Laws of Political Servitude Bear a Relation to the Nature of the Climate.
 17.1. 
1. Of political Servitude.
collapse section17.2. 
2. The Difference between Nations in point of Courage.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section17.3. 
3. Of the Climate of Asia.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 17.4. 
4. The Consequences resulting from this.
collapse section17.5. 
5. That when the People in the North of Asia and those of the North of Europe made Conquests, the Effects of the Conquest were not the same.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section17.6. 
6. A new physical Cause of the Slavery of Asia, and of the Liberty of Europe.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section17.7. 
7. Of Africa and America.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section18. 
Book XVIII. Of Laws in the Relation They Bear to the Nature of the Soil.
collapse section18.1. 
1. How the Nature of the Soil has an Influence on the Laws.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 18.2. 
2. The same Subject continued.
collapse section18.3. 
3. What Countries are best cultivated.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 18.4. 
4. New Effects of the Fertility and Barrenness of Countries.
collapse section18.5. 
5. Of the Inhabitants of Islands.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 18.6. 
6. Of Countries raised by the Industry of Man.
collapse section18.7. 
7. Of human Industry.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 18.8. 
8. The general Relation of Laws.
 18.9. 
9. Of the Soil of America.
 18.10. 
10. Of Population in the Relation it bears to the Manner of procuring Subsistence.
 18.11. 
11. Of savage and barbarous Nations.
 18.12. 
12. Of the Law of Nations among People who do not cultivate the Earth.
 18.13. 
13. Of the Civil Laws of those Nations who do not cultivate the Earth.
 18.14. 
14. Of the political State of the People who do not cultivate the Land.
collapse section18.15. 
15. Of People who know the Use of Money.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 18.16. 
16. Of Civil Laws among People who know not the Use of Money.
collapse section18.17. 
17. Of political Laws among Nations who have not the Use of Money.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 18.18. 
18. Of the Power of Superstition.
collapse section18.19. 
19. Of the Liberty of the Arabs and the Servitude of the Tartars.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 18.20. 
20. Of the Law of Nations as practised by the Tartars.
 18.21. 
21. The Civil Law of the Tartars.
collapse section18.22. 
22. Of a Civil Law of the German Nations.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 18.23. 
23. Of the regal Ornaments among the Franks.
collapse section18.24. 
24. Of the Marriages of the Kings of the Franks.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section18.25. 
25. Childeric.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section18.26. 
26. Of the Time when the Kings of the Franks became of age.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section18.27. 
27. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section18.28. 
28. Of Adoption among the Germans.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section18.29. 
29. Of the sanguinary Temper of the Kings of the Franks.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section18.30. 
30. Of the national Assemblies of the Franks.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section18.31. 
31. Of the Authority of the Clergy under the first Race.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section19. 
Book XIX. Of Laws in Relation to the Principles Which Form the General Spirit, Morals, and Customs of a Nation.
 19.2. 
1. Of the Subject of this Book.
collapse section19.2. 
2. That it is necessary People's Minds should be prepared for the Reception of the best Laws.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section19.3. 
3. Of Tyranny.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 19.4. 
4. Of the general Spirit of Mankind.
 19.5. 
5. How far we should be attentive lest the general Spirit of a Nation be changed.
 19.6. 
6. That Everything ought not to be corrected.
 19.7. 
7. Of the Athenians and Lacedmonians.
collapse section19.8. 
8. Effects of a sociable Temper.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section19.9. 
9. Of the Vanity and Pride of Nations. Vanity is as advantageous to a government as pride is dangerous.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section19.10. 
10. Of the Character of the Spaniards and Chinese.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 19.11. 
11. A Reflection.
 19.12. 
12. Of Customs and Manners in a despotic State.
collapse section19.13. 
13. Of the Behaviour of the Chinese.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 19.14. 
14. What are the natural Means of changing the Manners and Customs of a Nation.
 19.15. 
15. The Influence of domestic Government on the political.
collapse section19.16. 
16. How some Legislators have confounded the Principles which govern Mankind.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section19.17. 
17. Of the peculiar Quality of the Chinese Government.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section19.18. 
18. A Consequence drawn from the preceding Chapter.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 19.19. 
19. How this Union of Religion, Laws, Manners, and Customs among the Chinese was effected.
collapse section19.20. 
20. Explanation of a Paradox relating to the Chinese.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section19.21. 
21. How the Laws ought to have a Relation to Manners and Customs.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section19.22. 
22. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section19.23. 
23. How the Laws are founded on the Manners of a People.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section19.24. 
24. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section19.25. 
25. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section19.26. 
26. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section19.27. 
27. How the Laws contribute to form the Manners, Customs, and Character of a Nation.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section20. 
Book XX. Of Laws in Relation to Commerce, Considered in its Nature and Distinctions.
collapse section20.1. 
1. Of Commerce.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section20.2. 
1. Of the Spirit of Commerce.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 20.3. 
3. Of the Poverty of the People.
collapse section20.4. 
4. Of Commerce in different Governments.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section20.5. 
5. Of Nations that have entered into an economical Commerce.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 20.6. 
6. Some Effects of an extensive Navigation.
 20.7. 
7. The Spirit of England with respect to Commerce.
 20.8. 
8. In what Manner economical Commerce has been sometimes restrained.
collapse section20.9. 
9. Of the Prohibition of Commerce.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 20.10. 
10. An Institution adapted to economical Commerce.
 20.11. 
11. The same Subject continued.
collapse section20.12. 
12. Of the Freedom of Commerce.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 20.13. 
13. What it is that destroys this Liberty.
collapse section20.14. 
14. The Laws of Commerce concerning the Confiscation of Merchandise.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section20.15. 
15. Of seizing the Persons of Merchants.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 20.16. 
16. An excellent Law.
collapse section20.17. 
17. A Law of Rhodes.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section20.18. 
18. Of the Judges of Commerce.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section20.19. 
19. That a Prince ought not to engage himself in Commerce.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 20.20. 
20. The same Subject continued.
collapse section20.21. 
21. Of the Commerce of the Nobility in a Monarchy.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section20.22. 
22. A singular Reflection.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 20.23. 
23. To what Nations Commerce is prejudicial.
collapse section21. 
Book XXI. Of Laws in relation to Commerce, considered in the Revolutions it has met with in the World.
collapse section21.1. 
1. Some general Considerations.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 21.2. 
2. Of the People of Africa.
 21.3. 
3. That the Wants of the People in the South are different from those of the North.
 21.4. 
4. The principal Difference between the Commerce of the Ancients and the Moderns.
collapse section21.5. 
5. Other Differences.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section21.6. 
6. Of the Commerce of the Ancients.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section21.7. 
7. Of the Commerce of the Greeks.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section21.8. 
8. Of Alexander: his Conquests.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section21.9. 
9. Of the Commerce of the Grecian Kings after the Death of Alexander.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section21.10. 
10. Of the Circuit of Africa.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section21.11. 
11. Of Carthage and Marseilles.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section21.12. 
12. The Isle of Delos.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section21.13. 
13. Of the Genius of the Romans as to Maritime Affairs.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section21.14. 
14. Of the Genius of the Romans with respect to Commerce.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section21.15. 
15. Of the Commerce of the Romans with the Barbarians.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section21.16. 
16. Of the Commerce of the Romans with Arabia and the Indies.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section21.17. 
17. Of Commerce after the Destruction of the Western Empire.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section21.18. 
18. A particular Regulation.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 21.19. 
19. Of Commerce after the Decay of the Roman Power in the East.
collapse section21.20. 
20. How Commerce broke through the Barbarism of Europe.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section21.21. 
21. The Discovery of two new Worlds, and in what Manner Europe is affected by it.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section21.22. 
22. Of the Riches which Spain drew from America.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 21.23. 
23. A Problem, it is not for me to decide the question whether, if Spain be not herself able to carry on the trade of the Indies, it would not be better to leave it open to strangers.
collapse section22. 
Book XXII. Of Laws in Relation to the Use of Money.
 22.1. 
1. The Reason of the Use of Money.
collapse section22.2. 
2. Of the Nature of Money.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 22.3. 
3. Of ideal Money.
 22.4. 
4. Of the Quantity of Gold and Silver.
collapse section22.5. 
5. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section22.6. 
6. The Reason why Interest was lowered one-half after the Conquest of the Indies.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section22.7. 
7. How the Price of Things is fixed in the Variation of the Sign of Riches.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 22.8. 
8. The same Subject continued.
 22.9. 
9. Of the relative Scarcity of Gold and Silver.
collapse section22.10. 
10. Of Exchange.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section22.11. 
11. Of the Proceedings of the Romans with respect to Money.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section22.12. 
12. The Circumstances in which the Romans changed the Value of the Specie.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section22.13. 
13. Proceedings with respect to Money in the Time of the Emperors.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 22.14. 
14. How the Exchange is a Constraint on despotic Power.
 22.15. 
15. The Practice of some Countries in Italy.
 22.16. 
16. The Assistance a State may derive from Bankers.
 22.17. 
17. Of Public Debts.
collapse section22.18. 
18. Of the Payment of Public Debts.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section22.19. 
19. Of lending upon Interest.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 22.20. 
20. Of Maritime Usury.
collapse section22.21. 
21. Of Lending by Contract, and the State of Usury among the Romans.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section22.22. 
22. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section23. 
Book XXIII. Of Laws in the Relation They Bear to the Number of Inhabitants.
collapse section23.1. 
1. Of Men and Animals with respect to the Multiplication of their Species.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section23.2. 
2. Of Marriage.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section23.3. 
3. Of the Condition of Children.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section23.4. 
4. Of Families.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section23.5. 
5. Of the several Orders of lawful Wives.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section23.6. 
6. Of Bastards in different Governments.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section23.7. 
7. Of the Father's Consent to Marriage.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 23.8. 
8. The same Subject continued.
 23.9. 
9. Of young Women.
 23.10. 
10. What it is that determines Marriage.
collapse section23.11. 
11. Of the Severity of Government.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section23.12. 
12. Of the Number of Males and Females in different Countries.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section23.13. 
13. Of Seaport Towns.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section23.14. 
14. Of the Productions of the Earth which require a greater or less Number of Men.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 23.15. 
15. Of the Number of Inhabitants with relation to the Arts.
collapse section23.16. 
16. The Concern of the Legislator in the Propagation of the Species.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section23.17. 
17. Of Greece and the Number of its Inhabitants.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 23.18. 
18. Of the State and Number of People before the Romans.
collapse section23.19. 
19. Of the Depopulation of the Globe.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section23.20. 
20. That the Romans were under the Necessity of making Laws to encourage the Propagation of the Species.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section23.21. 
21. Of the Laws of the Romans relating to the Propagation of the Species.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section23.22. 
22. Of the Exposing of Children.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 23.23. 
23. Of the State of the World after the Destruction of the Romans.
 23.24. 
24. The Changes which happened in Europe with regard to the Number of the Inhabitants.
collapse section23.25. 
25. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 23.26. 
26. Consequences.
collapse section23.27. 
27. Of the Law made in France to encourage the Propagation of the Species.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 23.28. 
28. By what means we may remedy a Depopulation.
collapse section23.29. 
29. Of Hospitals.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section24. 
Book XXIV. Of Laws in relation to Religion Considered in Itself, and in its Doctrines.
 24.1. 
1. Of Religion in General.
collapse section24.2. 
2. A Paradox of M. Bayle's.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section24.3. 
3. That a moderate Government is most agreeable to the Christian Religion, and a despotic Government to the Mahometan.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section24.4. 
4. Consequences from the Character of the Christian Religion, and that of the Mahometan.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 24.5. 
5. That the Catholic Religion is most agreeable to a Monarchy, and the Protestant to a Republic.
 24.6. 
6. Another of M. Bayle's Paradoxes.
collapse section24.7. 
7. Of the Laws of Perfection in Religion.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section24.8. 
8. Of the Connection between the moral Laws and those of Religion.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section24.9. 
9. Of the Essenes.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 24.10. 
10. Of the Sect of Stoics.
collapse section24.11. 
11. Of Contemplation.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 24.12. 
12. Of Penances.
collapse section24.13. 
13. Of inexpiable Crimes.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section24.14. 
14. In what Manner Religion has an Influence on Civil Laws.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section24.15. 
15. How false Religions are sometimes corrected by the Civil Laws.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section24.16. 
16. How the Laws of Religion correct the Inconveniences of a political Constitution.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section24.17. 
17. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section24.18. 
18. How the Laws of Religion have the Effect of Civil Laws.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section24.19. 
19. That it is not so much the Truth or Falsity of a Doctrine which renders it useful or pernicious to Men in civil Government, as the Use or Abuse of it.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section24.20. 
20. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 24.21. 
21. Of the Metempsychosis.
 24.22. 
22. That it is dangerous for Religion to inspire an Aversion for Things in themselves indifferent.
collapse section24.23. 
23. Of Festivals.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section24.24. 
24. Of the local Laws of Religion.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section24.25. 
25. The Inconvenience of transplanting a Religion from one Country to another.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section24.26. 
26. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section25. 
Book XXV. Of Laws in Relation to the Establishment of Religion and its External Polity.
 25.1. 
[chapter]
collapse section25.2. 
2. Of the Motives of Attachment to different Religions.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section25.3. 
3. Of Temples.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section25.4. 
4. Of the Ministers of Religion.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 25.5. 
5. Of the Bounds which the Laws ought to prescribe to the Riches of the Clergy.
 25.6. 
6. Of Monasteries.
collapse section25.7. 
7. Of the Luxury of Superstition.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 25.8. 
8. Of the Pontificate.
 25.9. 
9. Of Toleration in point of Religion.
collapse section25.10. 
10. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 25.11. 
11. Of changing a Religion.
collapse section25.12. 
12. Of penal Laws.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section25.13. 
13. A most humble Remonstrance to the Inquisitors of Spain and Portugal.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section25.14. 
14. Why the Christian Religion is so odious in Japan.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section25.15. 
15. Of the Propagation of Religion.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section26. 
Book XXVI. Of Laws in Relation to the Order of Things Which They Determine.
 26.1. 
1. Idea of this Book.
 26.2. 
2. Of Laws divine and human.
collapse section26.3. 
3. Of civil Laws contrary to the Law of Nature.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section26.4. 
4. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section26.5. 
5. Cases in which we may judge by the Principles of the civil Law in limiting the Principles of the Law of Nature.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section26.6. 
6. That the Order of succession or Inheritance depends on the Principles of political or civil Law, and not on those of the Law of Nature.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section26.7. 
7. That we ought not to decide by the Precepts of Religion what belongs only to the Law of Nature.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section26.8. 
8. That we ought not to regulate by the Principles of the canon Law Things which should be regulated by those of the civil Law.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section26.9. 
9. That Things which ought to be regulated by the Principles of civil Law can seldom be regulated by those of Religion.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 26.10. 
10. In what Case we ought to follow the civil Law which permits, and not the Law of Religion which forbids.
 26.11. 
11. That human Courts of Justice should not be regulated by the Maxims of those Tribunals which relate to the Other Life.
 26.12. 
12. The same Subject continued.
collapse section26.13. 
13. In what Cases, with regard to Marriage, we ought to follow the Laws of Religion; and in what Cases we should follow the civil Laws.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section26.14. 
14. In what instances Marriages between Relatives shall be regulated by the Laws of Nature: and in what instances by the civil Laws.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section26.15. 
15. That we should not regulate by the Principles of political Law those Things which depend on the Principles of civil Law.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section26.16. 
16. That we ought not to decide by the Rules of the civil Law when it is proper to decide by those of the political Law.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section26.17. 
17. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section26.18. 
18. That it is necessary to inquire whether the Laws which seem contradictory are of the same Class.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section26.19. 
19. That we should not decide those Things by the civil Law which ought to be decided by domestic Laws.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 26.20. 
20. That we ought not to decide by the Principles of the civil Laws those Things which belong to the Law of Nations.
 26.21. 
21. That we should not decide by political Laws Things which belong to the Law of Nations.
collapse section26.22. 
22. The unhappy State of the Inca Athualpa.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section26.23. 
23. That when, by some Circumstance, the political Law becomes destructive to the State, we ought to decide by such a political Law as will preserve it, which sometimes becomes a Law of Nations.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section26.24. 
24. That the Regulations of the Police are of a different Class from other civil Laws.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section26.25. 
25. That we should not follow the general Disposition of the civil Law, in things which ought to be subject to particular Rules drawn from their own Nature.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section27. 
Book XXVII. Of the Origin and Revolutions of the Roman Laws on Successions.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28. 
Book XXVIII. Of the Origin and Revolutions of the Civil Laws among the French.
collapse section28.1. 
1. Different Character of the Laws of the several People of Germany.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.2. 
2. That the Laws of the Barbarians were all personal.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.3. 
3. Capital Difference between the Salic Laws and those of the Visigoths and Burgundians.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.4. 
4. In what manner the Roman Law came to be lost in the Country subject to the Franks, and preserved in that subject to the Goths and Burgundians.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 28.5. 
5. The same Subject continued.
collapse section28.6. 
[chapter]
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.7. 
7. How the Roman Law came to be lost in Spain.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.8. 
8. A false Capitulary.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.9. 
9. In what manner the Codes of Barbarian Laws and the Capitularies came to be lost.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.10. 
10. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.11. 
11. Other Causes of the Disuse of the Codes of Barbarian Laws, as well as of the Roman Law, and of the Capitularies.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.12. 
12. Of local Customs. Revolution of the Laws of barbarous Nations, as well as of the Roman Law.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.13. 
13. Difference between the Salic law, or that of the Salian Franks, and that of thee Ripuarian Franks and other barbarous Nations.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.14. 
14. Another Difference.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
 28.15. 
15. A Reflection.
collapse section28.16. 
16. Of the Ordeal or Trial by boiling Water, established by the Salic Law.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.17. 
17. Particular Notions of our Ancestors.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.18. 
18. In what manner the Custom of judicial Combats gained Ground.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.19. 
19. A new Reason of the Disuse of the Salic and Roman Laws, as also of the Capitularies.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.20. 
20. Origin of the Point of Honour.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.21. 
21. A new Reflection upon the Point of Honour among the Germans.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.22. 
22. Of the Manners in relation to judicial Combats.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.23. 
23. Of the Code of Laws on judicial Combats.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.24. 
24. Rules established in the judicial Combat.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.25. 
25. Of the Bounds prescribed to the Custom of judicial Combats.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.26. 
26. On the judiciary Combat between one of the Parties and one of the Witnesses.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.27. 
27. Of the judicial Combat between one of the Parties and one of the Lords' Peers.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.28. 
28. Of the Appeal of Default of Justice.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.29. 
29. Epoch of the Reign of St. Louis.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.30. 
30. Observation on Appeals.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.31. 
31. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.32. 
32. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.33. 
33. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.34. 
34. In what Manner the Proceedings at Law became secret.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.35. 
35. Of the Costs.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.36. 
36. Of the public Prosecutor.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.37. 
37. In what Manner the Institutions of St. Louis fell into Oblivion.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.38. 
38. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.39. 
39. The same Subject continued.
  
[section]
  
Footnotes
collapse section28.40. 
40. In what Manner the judiciary Forms were borrowed from the Decretals.
  
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41. Flux and Reflux of the ecclesiastic and temporal Jurisdiction.
  
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42. The Revival of the Roman Law, and the Result thereof.
  
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43. The same Subject continued.
  
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44. Of the Proof by Witnesses.
  
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45. Of the Customs of France.
  
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Book XXIX. Of the Manner of Composing Laws.
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1. Of the Spirit of a Legislator.
  
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2. The same Subject continued.
  
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 29.3. 
3. That the Laws which seem to deviate from the Views of the Legislator are frequently agreeable to them.
 29.4. 
4. Of the Laws contrary to the Views of the Legislator.
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5. The same Subject continued.
  
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6. The Laws which appear the same have not always the same Effect.
  
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7. The same Subject continued.
  
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8. That Laws which appear the same were not always made through the same Motive.
  
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9. That the Greek and Roman Laws punished Suicide, but not through the same Motive.
  
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10. That Laws which seem contrary proceed sometimes from the same Spirit.
  
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11. How to compare two different Systems of Laws.
  
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12. That Laws which appear the same are sometimes really different.
  
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13. That we must not separate Laws from the End for which they were made: of the Roman Laws on Theft.
  
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14. That we must not separate the Laws from the Circumstances in which they were made.
  
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15. That sometimes it is proper the Law should amend itself.
  
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16. Things to be observed in the composing of Laws.
  
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17. A bad Method of giving Laws.
  
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 29.18. 
18. Of the Ideas of Uniformity.
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19. Of Legislators.
  
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collapse section30. 
Book XXX. Theory of the Feudal Laws among the Franks in the Relation They Bear to the Establishment of the Monarchy.
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1. Of Feudal Laws.
  
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2. Of the Source of Feudal Laws.
  
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3. The Origin of Vassalage.
  
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4. The same Subject continued.
  
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 30.5. 
5. Of the Conquests of the Franks.
 30.6. 
6. Of the Goths, Burgundians, and Franks.
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7. Different Ways of dividing the Land.
  
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8. The same Subject continued.
  
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9. A just Application of the Law of the Burgundians, and of that of the Visigoths, in relation to the Division of Lands.
  
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10. Of Servitudes.
  
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11. The same Subject continued.
  
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12. That the Lands belonging to the Division of the Barbarians paid no Taxes.
  
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13. Of Taxes paid by the Romans and Gauls in the Monarchy of the Franks.
  
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14. Of what they called Census.
  
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15. That what they called Census was raised only on the Bondmen and not on the Freemen.
  
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16. Of the feudal Lords or Vassals.
  
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17. Of the military Service of Freemen.
  
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18. Of the double Service.
  
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19. Of Compositions among the barbarous Nations.
  
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20. Of what was afterwards called the Jurisdiction of the Lords.
  
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21. Of the Territorial Jurisdiction of the Churches.
  
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collapse section30.22. 
22. That the Jurisdictions were established before the End of the Second Race.
  
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 30.23. 
23. General Idea of the Abbé du Bos' Book on the Establishment of the French Monarchy in Gaul.
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24. The same Subject continued.
  
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25. Of the French Nobility.
  
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collapse section31. 
Book XXXI. Theory of the Feudal Laws among the Franks, in the Relation They Bear to the Revolutions of their Monarchy.
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1. Changes in the Offices and in the Fiefs.
  
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2. How the Civil Government was reformed.
  
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3. Authority of the Mayors of the Palace.
  
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4. Of the Genius of the Nation in regard to the Mayors.
  
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5. In what Manner the Mayors obtained the Command of the Armies.
  
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6. Second Epoch of the Humiliation of our Kings of the first Race.
  
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7. Of the great Offices and Fiefs under the Mayors of the Palace.
  
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8. In what Manner the Allodial Estates were changed into Fiefs.
  
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9. How the Church Lands were converted into Fiefs.
  
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 31.10. 
10. Riches of the Clergy.
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11. State of Europe at the Time of Charles Martel.
  
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12. Establishment of the Tithes.
  
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13. Of the Election of Bishops and Abbots.
  
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14. Of the Fiefs of Charles Martel.
  
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15. The same Subject continued.
  
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16. Confusion of the Royalty and Mayoralty. The Second Race.
  
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17. A particular Circumstance in the Election of the Kings of the Second Race.
  
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18. Charlemagne.
  
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19. The same Subject continued.
  
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20. Louis the Debonnaire.
  
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21. The same Subject continued.
  
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22. The same Subject continued.
  
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23. The same Subject continued.
  
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24. That the Freemen were rendered capable of holding Fiefs.
  
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25. Changes in the Allodia.
  
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26. Changes in the Fiefs.
  
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27. Another change which happened in the Fiefs.
  
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28. Changes which happened in the great Offices, and in the Fiefs.
  
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29. Of the Nature of the Fiefs after the Reign of Charles the Bald.
  
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30. The same Subject continued.
  
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31. In what Manner the Empire was transferred from the Family of Charlemain.
  
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32. In what Manner the Crown of France was transferred to the House of Hugh Capet.
  
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33. Some Consequences of the Perpetuity of Fiefs.
  
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34. The same Subject continued.
  
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previous section23. That when, by some Circumstance, the political Law becomes destructive to the State, we ought to decide by such a political Law as will preserve it, which sometimes becomes a Law of Nations. The Spirit of the Laws
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26.23. 23. That when, by some Circumstance, the political Law becomes
destructive to the State, we ought to decide by such a political Law as
will preserve it, which sometimes becomes a Law of Nations.

When that political law which has established in the kingdom a certain order of succession becomes destructive to the body politic for whose sake it was established, there is not the least room to doubt but another political law may be made to change this order; and so far would this law be from opposing the first that it would in the main be entirely conformable to it, since both would depend on this principle, that the safety of the people is the supreme law.

I have said [52] that a great state becoming accessory to another is itself weakened, and even weakens the principal. We know that it is for the interest of the state to have the supreme magistrate within itself, that the public revenues be well administered, and that its specie be not sent abroad to enrich another country. It is of importance that he who is to govern has not imbibed foreign maxims; these are less agreeable than those already established. Besides, men have an extravagant fondness for their own laws and customs: these constitute the happiness of every community; and, as we learn from the histories of all nations, are rarely changed without violent commotions and a great effusion of blood.

It follows hence, that if a great state has for its heir the possessor of a great state, the former may reasonably exclude him, because a change in the order of succession must be of service to both countries. Thus a law of Russia, made in the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth, most wisely excluded from the possession of the crown every heir who possessed another monarchy; thus the law of Portugal disqualifies every stranger who lays claim to the crown by right of blood.

But if a nation may exclude, it may with greater reason be allowed a right to oblige a prince to renounce. If the people fear that a certain marriage will be attended with such consequences as shall rob the nation of its independence, or dismember some of its provinces, it may very justly oblige the contractors and their descendants to renounce all right over them; while he who renounces, and those to whose prejudice he renounces, have the less reason to complain, as the state might originally have made a law to exclude them.

Footnotes

[52]

See v. 14; viii. 16-20; ix. 4-7; and x. 9, 10.

previous section23. That when, by some Circumstance, the political Law becomes destructive to the State, we ought to decide by such a political Law as will preserve it, which sometimes becomes a Law of Nations. The Spirit of the Laws
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