University of Virginia record :: February, 1914 :: University of Virginia Library

The biological sciences are here studied both from a morphological
and from a physiological standpoint. Prominence is given to the
histology, and as far as possible to the cytology and to the life-histories
(both ontogenetic and phylogenetic) of the organisms studied,
especially in the advanced courses in each of the two principal
sciences, with a view to the elucidation of the great fundamental laws
that underlie the phenomena of the life. The work of the school is

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designed to meet the wants of students who desire such knowledge
of either Botany or Zoölogy (or both), and of the methods of biological
study, as may properly form a part of a liberal education; or of
those who desire such training as will fit them for independent work
as students or as teachers in either of these sciences, or for other vocational
work therein; and also of those who seek such acquaintance
with the facts and the underlying principles of the biological sciences
as will prepare them for entrance upon the study of Medicine, or for
an intelligent study of the relations of these sciences to the art of
Agriculture.

Each student who enters upon the work of either of the courses
described below is required to provide himself with a small case of
dissecting instruments, a hand lens, a drawing pencil, and a notebook
of approved pattern. Other necessary pieces of apparatus will
be issued to each student. Students taking undergraduate courses
in either Botany or Zoölogy are required to pay for each course, in
addition to the regular tuition fee, a laboratory fee of $5; the laboratory
fee in graduate courses is $10 for each course, in addition to the
regular tuition fees.

Any student with adequate preparation may enter either of the
undergraduate courses in Biology at the beginning of any term of the
session, and will receive full credit for such course on completing
the work of the remaining term or terms of the course in question,
in the following session.

I. Botany.

Associate Professor Kepner.

Mr. Taliaferro.

For Undergraduates.

Botany B1: In this course a study is first made of the essential
factors of plant structure; this is followed by a brief survey of the
vegetable kingdom, beginning with the algæ and ending with the
seed-plants. As each group is discussed in the lectures, as many representative
members as practicable will be studied in the laboratory,
including where possible the important phases of the life-history.
The principles of classification will be considered and illustrated, and
as far as possible applied in connection with the forms studied.

The first term of this course deals largely with the forms of
plant life that are of importance in the management of water supplies,
and is arranged with a view to the needs of students in Sanitary
Engineering. The class is limited for the present to thirty members.
(B. A. or B. S. credit, 6 session-hours.) Lectures, Monday,
Wednesday, Friday, 12-1. Laboratory, Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday,
12-2. Cabell Hall.

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For Graduates and Undergraduates.

Three courses are offered in Plant Morphology, one of which
will be given each session; each course comprises two lectures and
two laboratory periods of three hours each weekly; participation in
the weekly biological seminar is also required. The course for the
year may be withdrawn if not elected by at least four students. Lectures
on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 1 to 2 p. m.; laboratory periods,
Wednesdays and Fridays from 11 a. m. to 2 p. m. Botany
B1 is prerequisite for entrance upon either of these courses. The
courses offered are as follows:

Botany C1: Thallophytes.—This course will be devoted to the
study of the Fission-Plants: the Green Algæ (in the limited sense),
the Confervales, and Charales: the Bacillariales, Brown Algæ, and
Dictyoltales: the Red Algæ: the various orders of the Fungi, and
the Lichens. The Green Algæ will be studied in greatest detail, on
account of their morphological importance as exhibiting a varied and
instructive differentiation of forms from unicellular plants to colonial,
coenocytic, and thalloid plant-bodies; and as the group to which
the higher plants are most nearly allied.

Botany C2: Archegoniates.—The work of this course will comprise
the study of the Liverworts: the Mosses: and the Fern-like
Plants. By far the larger portion of the course will be occupied with
the latter, the anatomy and morphology of the various orders being
discussed and studied at length, together with their relations to the
acquisition of the seed-habit.

Botany C3: Spermophytes.—The study of the Seed-Plant will
comprise a discussion and examination, both physiological and morphological,
of the various orders of Gymnosperms and of the two
great divisions of the Angiosperms: and a study of representatives,
as far as possible, of each of the great orders of the latter group: in
addition, a few representative families will be discussed and studied
in detail.

II. Zoölogy.

Associate Professor Kepner.

Mr. Taliaferro.

Mr. Cash.

Mr. Williams.

For Undergraduates.

Students taking an undergraduate course in Zoölogy are required
to pay, in addition to the regular tuition fee, a laboratory fee
of $5.

Zoology B1: An introductory course in the morphology and
classification of both invertebrates and vertebrates. The course will
be so conducted as to afford to the student a general survey of the

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animal kingdom, and to emphasize the principles involved in the for
mation of cell-organs, tissues, and complex organs in the various
types of animal bodies. The class is limited for the present to thirty
members. (B. A. or B. S. credit, 6 session-hours.) Lectures, Tuesday,
Thursday, Saturday, 12-1. Laboratory, Section I, Monday, Wednesday,
Friday, 9-11. Section II, Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday, 9-11.
Cabell Hall.

For Graduates and Undergraduates.

Students taking a graduate course in Zoölogy are required to pay,
in addition to the regular tuition fee, a laboratory fee of $20.

Three courses are offered in Animal Morphology, one of which
will be given each session: each course comprises two lectures and
two laboratory periods of three hours each weekly; participation
in the weekly biological seminar is also required. The course for the
year may be withdrawn if not elected by at least four students. Lectures,
Monday and Wednesday from 1 to 2 p. m. Laboratory periods,
Tuesday and Thursday from 11 a. m. to 2 p. m. Botany
B1 or Zoölogy B1 is prerequisite for either of these courses. The
courses offered are as follows:

Zoology C1: The Lower Invertebrates.—In this course a detailed
study will be made of animals representing various classes and
orders of Protozoa, Coelenterata, Platyhelmia, Nemertini, Nematelminthes,
Trochelminthes and Molluscoida, involving their comparative
anatomy, their embryology, and their affinities. Students will
be required to collect the available material of the vicinity for class
work; to make a collection of histological preparations; and to report
at regular intervals upon the progress of their work.

Zoology C2: The Higher Invertebrates.—A similar detailed study,
under similar requirements, of animals, representing various classes
and orders of Echinodermata, Mollusca, Annulata and Arthropoda.

Zoology C3: The Vertebrates.—A detailed anatomical and histological
study of animals representing various classes, sub-classes,
and orders of the Chordata. The physiology of the organs of the
Chordata will be discussed. Vertebrate embryology as represented
by that of the frog and the bird will be briefly studied. Students
will be required to make collections of local material for classroom
work and to make histological preparations representing the fundamental
tissues of representatives of the group.

III. General Biology.

Associate Professor Kepner.

Mr. Taliaferro.

Mr. Cash.

Mr. Williams.

For Undergraduates.

Term Course in the Principles of Biology.—A course is here offered

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which is intended to afford a brief survey of some of the most
significant facts concerning organization, function, and relations of
living things; an insight into the methods of biological study; and as
full discussion as possible of the important fundamental principles
deduced from such study and the important philosophical questions
arising therefrom. One lecture and one laboratory exercise each
week throughout the session. This course may be withdrawn if not
elected by at least four students. Hours by appointment. This
course will have a credit value of two session hours, as part of the
elective-at-large for a B. A. or a B. S. degree.

Primarily for Graduates.

Students taking a graduate course in Comparative Anatomy are
required to pay, in addition to the regular tuition fee, a laboratory
fee of $20.

Biology D1: Cytology and Comparative Histology: Botany B1,
Zoölogy B1, and one of the advanced courses in Plant or Animal Morphology
prerequisite. This course begins with a study of the phenomena
of cell-organization and cell life in both plants and animals;
this is followed by a comparative study of the elements of structure
and their embryological development in the lower and the higher animals,
or in a similar series of plant forms; the work of each student is
individually assigned in great measure. It includes practice in the
more advanced methods of technic, and a critical discussion of the
microscope and its intelligent use, as means to the ends in view.
It is accompanied by the consideration of the fundamental laws
of General Biology as founded upon cytological study. Hours by
assignment; the number is not limited.

Opportunity will be afforded to individual students for further
advanced work chiefly along the lines of this course.

A biological seminar will be conducted weekly at an hour that
will be assigned at the beginning of the session, participation in
which is required of all students in courses above Botany B1 and
Zoölogy B1.

IV. Biology and Agriculture.

Associate Professor Kepner.

Mr. Taliaferro.

Mr. Cash.

Mr. Williams.

The relations of the biological sciences to Agriculture are so
manifold and the subdivisions of the latter subject so numerous, that
it would be impossible to exhaust the discussion of either in the work
of any one year. Courses consisting in part of lectures and in part of
an equivalent amount of practical work and collateral reading will
be offered yearly as follows:

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Botany and Agriculture B1: Botany B1 prerequisite.—In this
course a study will be made of the anatomy and physiology of the
higher plants, especially as related to nutrition and growth; and of
the principles of crop raising as based on the laws of plant life.
Associate Professor Kepner.

Text-Books.—Stevens' Plant Anatomy; Pierce's Plant Physiology; Vorhee's Principles
of Agriculture.

Zoology and Agriculture B2: Zoölogy B1 prerequisite.—In this
course a study will be made of the parasitic Protozoa, Worms, and
Arthropods: the Insects will be considered in their economic relations:
and the anatomy of the domestic animals examined. The
relation of animals to the soil and to plant life will be discussed.
Associate Professor Kepner.

Text-Books.—Osborn's Economic Zoölogy; Folsom's Entomology; Smith's Economic
Entomology; Chauveau's Anatomy of the Domestic Animals.

Candidates for a diploma of graduation in Biology and Agriculture
are required to complete the introductory courses in Botany and
Zoölogy, and one advanced course in each, and also the two courses
above described.

For summer-school courses in Biology, on which college credit
will be allowed, see p. 293.