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University of Virginia Library

An essay concerning human understanding

To The Right Honourable Lord Thomas,

Epistle to the Reader

Introduction An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

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1.

Book I Neither Principles Nor Ideas Are Innate

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1.

Chapter I No Innate Speculative Principles.

The way shown how we come by any Knowledge, sufficient to prove it not innate

2. General assent the great argument.

3. Universal consent proves nothing innate.

4. "What is, is," and "It is impossible for the same thing to be and not to be," not universally assented to.

5. Not on the mind naturally imprinted, because not known to children, idiots, etc.

6. That men know them when they come to the use of reason, answered.

8. If reason discovered them, that would not prove them innate.

9. It is false that reason discovers them.

10. No use made of reasoning in the discovery of these two maxims.

11. And if there were, this would prove them not innate.

12. The coming to the use of reason not the time we come to know these maxims.

13. By this they are not distinguished from other knowable truths.

14. If coming to the use of reason were the time of their discovery it would not prove them innate.

15. The steps by which the mind attains several truths.

16. Assent to supposed innate truths depends on having clear and distinct ideas of what their terms mean, and not on their innateness.

17. Assenting as soon as proposed and understood, proves them not innate.

18. If such an assent be a mark of innate, then "that one and two are equal to three, that sweetness is not bitterness," and a thousand the like, must be innate.

19. Such less general propositions known before these universal maxims.

20. "One and one equal to Two, etc., not general nor useful," answered.

21. These maxims not being known sometimes till proposed, proves them not innate.

22. Implicitly known before proposing, signifies that the mind is capable of understanding them, or else signifies nothing.

23. The argument of assenting on first hearing, is upon a false supposition of no precedent teaching.

24. Not innate, because not universally assented to.

25. These maxims not the first known.

26. And so not innate.

27. Not innate, because they appear least where what is innate shows itself clearest.

28. Recapitulation.

2.

Chapter II No Innate Practical Principles

3.

Chapter III Other considerations concerning Innate Principles, both Speculative and Practical

2.

Book II Of Ideas

3.

Book III Of Words

4.

Book IV Of Knowledge and Probability

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8. These axioms do not much influence our other knowledge.

In the next place let us consider, what influence these received maxims have upon the other parts of our knowledge. The rules established in the schools, that all reasonings are Ex præognitis et præconcessis, seem to lay the foundation of all other knowledge in these maxims, and to suppose them to be præcognita. Whereby, I think, are meant these two things: first, that these axioms are those truths that are first known to the mind; and, secondly, that upon them the other parts of our knowledge depend.