Grammatical Sketch of Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Originially published by University of Chicago Press, © 1938, All rights reserved. |
3.Demonstrative Pronouns |
Grammatical Sketch of Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache | ||
3.Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns are composed of a bound stem plus an enclitic. There are eight principal demonstrative stems: iͅiͅ- 'here [position nearest the speaker]'; dzaͅaͅ- 'here'; 'a- [or 'aa-] 'there'; gha- [ghah-] 'there, yonder'; ko- 'hereabout, thereabout'; dí- 'this'; 'a- 'that' [related to 'á-, 'aa- preceding?]; and 'ághá- ['ághá-] 'that yonder' [related to gha- preceding?]. The first five refer to places, the last three to persons or things. The former are usually found in combination with one of the following postpositions: -ee 'at, in, on'; -shíͅ 'from'; -zhiͅ 'to'; and -yá, a generalized postposition functioning to link the verb with the indirect object. The latter three demonstrative stems are always combined either with the relative enclitic -í referring to things, actions, and collectivities or the corresponding relative -ń referring to persons. The following two tables summarize the more frequently occurring demonstratives.
Enclitics
Stems | -ee | -shíͅ | -zhiͅ | -yá |
'iͅiͅ- | 'iͅiͅ-ee | 'iͅiͅ- shíͅ | ||
dzaͅaͅ- | dzaͅaͅ-ee | dzaͅaͅ-shíͅ | dzaͅaͅ-zhiͅ | |
'á- | 'á-ee | 'á-shíͅ | 'á-zhiͅ | |
'aa- | 'aa-ee | 'aa-shíͅ | ||
gha- | gha-ee | gha-shíͅ | gha-zhiͅ | gha-yá |
ko- | ko-shíͅ | ko-yá or ko'yá |
Stems | í | -ń |
dí- | díí | díń |
'á- | 'áí | 'áń |
'ághá- | 'ágháí | 'ágháń |
'ágha- | 'ághaí | 'ághań |
Grammatical Sketch of Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache | ||