The Killing of the Giant, Chiricahua Apache Text excerpted from Chiricahua Apache Texts, with Ethnological Notes |
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2. The Killing of the Giant
as told by Lawrence Mithlo
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 | The Killing of the Giant, Chiricahua Apache Text |  |
2. The Killing of the Giant as told by Lawrence Mithlo
When Child of the Water was still growing up, Killer of Enemies was already a man.
Tóbájiishchinéń `it'ago nłdzil hilaadadáͅ, Naaghéé'neesghánéń `ánáándéná'a.
`Inázhaná'a
Biͅiͅ naiłtseená'a.
Dásígózhóͅgo biͅiͅ yiyałhééłgo, Ghééyeń baahagááłná'a.
Baahayałtééłná'a.
Dooyáadago, Naaghéé'neesghánéń nnáhadááłná'a.
Ghéé'yeń bigee chaałnaajigháná'a.
He often hunted.
He killed [many] deer.
But just as he was killing the deer, the Giant would come to him.
He would take it away from him.
[Having] nothing, Killer of Enemies would [then] come back home.
He went about weeping because of the Giant.
1. 'it'ago nłdzil hilaadadáͅ 'when he was still growing up'. 'it'ago 'still' [part.], -go subordinating enclitic. nłdzil, third person of ni-...-ł-dzil 'to be strong' [imp. neut. intr.; ni- adj.]. hilaa, third person imperfective of -laa 'to become' [act. intr.; hi- peg element, see Grammatical Sketch, §13]. -da 'even, just as' [encl.]; -dáͅ 'at such a time, when' [encl.]. Literally 'when he was just becoming stronger.
2. 'ánáándéná'a 'he was already a man'. Third person of 'á-náá-ni-...- ndé 'to be already a man' [imp. neut. intr.]. Cf. ni-...- ndé- 'to be a man, to be mature, virile' [imp. neut. intr.] and ndé 'man'. 'á-náá- 'already' (?); ni- adj.
3. 'inázhaná'a 'he often hunted, it is said'. Third person iterative of 'i-| [hi- perf.]-zhá 'to go off hunting' [act. intr.]. 'i-| 'away, off'.
4. biͅiͅ 'deer'.
5. naiłtseená'a 'he killed then, it is said'. Third person imperfective of naa-|...[si- perf.]-ł-tsee 'to kill several' [act. tr. with plural object only]. nai- > naa-| 'about' plus yi- third person object.
6. dásígózhóͅgo 'just as'. dásí- 'just, exactly' [part.]. gózhóͅgo, see note 1.13, §3.
7. yiyałhééłgo 'he, killing it'. 3rd person prog. of si-...[si perf.]-ł-ghé 'to kill one' [act. tr.]. The prefix si- referring to killing becomes yi- when preceded by a pronoun object or the deictic elements. Thus yi- 3rd person obj. plus si- plus ha- 3rd person prog. plus -ł- classifier becomes yiyał-. The initial consonant of the stem assimilates in voice to the preceding -ł-.
In this passage, the number of the noun is determined by the verb. biͅiͅ 'deer', in the preceding sentence, is plural because its verb requires a plural object. In this sentence, it is singular because its verb requires a singular object.
8. baahagááłná'a 'he was coming to him; it is said'. baa- > bi- third person object plus aa- 'to' [pp.]. Ordinarily yi- rather than bi- should be used here since the subject is also third person [see Grammatical Sketch, §11]. hagááł, third person progressive of -yá 'one moves' [act. intr.] . For the stem, see note 1.15, §2.
By employing the progressive mode in this line and the two following, the informant conveys the impression that this happening was a customary one with Killer of Enemies.
9. baahayałtééłná'a 'he was taking it away from him, it is said'. baa- > bi- third person object plus aa- 'from' [pp.]. Here, again, bi- is used instead of yi [see §8 above]. Note also the variety of meanings associated with the postposition aͅaͅ- : 'to' in §8, 'from' in this example. See also notes 1.15, §8; 1.8, §5; and 1.19, §3.
hayałtééł third person progressive of haa- | [hi- perf.]-tee 'to take an animate object away' [act. tr.; haa- | 'away, out').
10. dooyáadago '[having] nothing'. yáa 'something'; doo-...da negative.
11. nnáhadááłná'a 'he was coming back home, it is said. Third person prog. of ni-ná-ni...[si- perf.]-dá 'one returns [home]' [act. intr]. ni- 'to an end, to a stop'; ná- 'back' [requires the -d- form]; ni- completive [occurs only in the imp. mode]. For the stem. see note 1.15, §2.
12. bigee 'because of him'. -gee 'because of' [pp.], bi- third person pronoun.
And now Child of the Water had become stronger.
`Ákoo k'adi Tóbájiishchinéń dáha'yá nłdzil silíͅná'a.
Bimáń `Isdzánádleeshéń `áyiiłndíná'a:
He spoke thus to his mother, White Painted Woman:
1. dáha'yá nłdzil silíͅná'a 'he had become stronger, it is said'. dáha'yá 'somewhat; ha'- indefinite pronoun stem plus dá- 'just' and -yá postposition. nłdzil 'he is strong', see note 2.1, §1. silíͅ, third person si- perf. of -laa 'to become' [act. intr.].
2. bimáń 'his mother'. -má 'mother'.
3. 'áyiiłndíná'a 'he spoke thus to her, it is said'. See note 1.15, 2.
4. k'aa shá'ágolá 'make arrows for me' should read k'aa shá'ágólá. k'aa 'arrows'; shá- > shi- first person object plus áá- 'for' [pp.]. 'á...[? perf.]-lá 'to make' [act. tr.] 'á- 'thus']. go 3a object refers to arrows. The text form is second person imperfective.
5. shik'iséͅ 'my brother'. -k'is 'sibling of same sex'; -éͅ ?.
6. biłdéshzhaa 'I've started to go hunting with him'. bi- 'him'; -ł- 'with, accompanying' [pp.]; déshzhaa, first person perf. of di-...[si- perf.] -d zhá 'to hunt [act. intr.; di- inceptive]. di- plus sí- gives dé-. This verb is sometimes conjugated in the perfective as a -d- verb and at other times as a zero verb.
Then White Painted Woman spoke thus to her son:
Nágo Isdzánádleeshéń bizhaań `áyiiłndíná'a:
1. doodaagoodzaadago 'it being impossible'. doo-...-da negative. daagoodzaa, third person perf. of daa-go-...[? perf]--ndá something happens, is done' [act. intr.]. daa-go- is indefinable.
2. 'áńndí 'you say thus'. Second person imp. of 'á-di-...[hi- perf.]-ndí 'to say thus' [act. intr.]. 'á 'thus, so'; di- noise. In the second person imp., di- becomes n-.
Literally, this line reads 'My child, it being impossible you say thus'.
3. niiłhe 'he will kill you'. niił- > ni- 2nd person object plus si- prefix and -ł- classifier. Stem -ghé [-hé by assimilation to the preceding -ł-] 'to kill one' [act. tr.]. See note 2.1, §7
4. naagołtsee 'he kills them'. 3rd person imp. with 3a object of náá- |...[si- perf.]-ł-tsee 'to kill several' [act. tr.]. See note 2.1, §5.
In spite of this, Child of the Water spoke thus to his mother:
Dá'ághát'éndah, Tóbájiishchinéń bimáń `áyiiłndíná'a:
1. dá'ághát'éndah 'in spite of this'. This is one of the few analyzable particles. dá- 'just'; 'ághát'é 'it is so' [see note 1.22, §4], ndah 'but' [part.].
2. áhaͅh 'hurry' [part.]. Cf. haͅh 'hurry,in a hurry' [part.].
3. íͅyaͅaͅ 'so, therefore, for that reason' [part.]
Then, because he spoke in this way, his mother, because of that, wept.
1. 'ághájindííbáͅ 'because he spoke so'. 'ághájindíí, 3rd person imp. of 'ághá-di-...[hi- perf.]- ndíí 'to speak so, [act. intr.]. 'ághá- 'thus, so'; di- noise. The latter drops out in the 3rd and 3a persons of the imperfective.
-í relative enclitic; -báͅáͅ > bi- 3rd person object plus -áͅáͅ 'by reason of, because of' [pp.].
2. 'áí higee 'because of that'. 'áí refers to what Child of the Water said. hi- variant 3rd person pronoun [see note 1.14, §5], -gee because' [pp.; see note 2.1, §12].
3. hichaná'a 'she weeps, it is said. 3rd person imp. of -cha 'to weep' [act. intr.]. hi- peg element, see Grammatical Sketch §18.
Then, [though] his mother did not want him [to go] and was very much afraid on his account, he started off to hunt with Killer of Enemies.
1. dádookáhát'íͅdago 'although she did not want him [to go]. dá...-go 'although, even though'; doo-...-da negative; ká- > go- 3a obj. plus á- 'for' [pp.]. hát'íͅ, 3rd person of há-...-t'íͅ 'to be willing, to want to' [imp. neut. intr.]
há- may be the prefix 'for' that appears in há-ni-...[si- perf.]-tá 'to look for' and other verbs and -t'íͅ; the same theme as in 'á-ni-..-t'íͅ 'to be so' [imp. neut. intr.; 'á- 'so'; ni- adj.].
2. dákábiłgóghégo 'although she was afraid for him'. dá- -go 'although, even though; ká- > go- 3a obj. plus dá- 'for' [pp.]; bił- > bi- 3rd person obj. plus -ł 'with, accompanying' [pp.]. góghé 'there is fear', place subject of ni-...-ghé fear exists' [imp. neut. intr.; ni- adj.].
3. Naaghéé'neesghánéńbił 'with Killer of Enemies'. Naaghéé'neesghánéń 'Killer of Enemies' [see note 1.2, §5] plus bi- 'him' and -ł- 'with, accompanying.
4. jideezhaaná'a 'he started to hunt it is said'. 3a person perf. of di-...[si- perf.]-zhá 'to start to hunt' [act. intr. ; di- inceptive]. di- plus si- gives dees- but the final -s- is lost before voiced spirantal stem initials.
The two went out yonder.
Koyá ch'éjíń'áázhná'a.
nDáséyá, jazha.
Biͅiͅ jiyeesxíͅná'a.
Ní'jił`ahná'a.
Ní'jiis'ahná'a.
Koͅoͅ de'shdóółjéná'a.
`Itsiͅiͅ tsízhóó'áͅná'a.
`Itsiͅiͅ jiist'éná'a.
Tł`oh jóózhizhná'a
Koyá njíńjaaná'a.
Bikáyá, `itsiͅiͅí njíń'áͅná'a.
Naaghéé'neesghánébił bich'iͅiͅjineeskéná'a.
At a place further on, they were hunting
They killed a deer
They [began] to butcher it.
They [finished] butchering it.
They had built a fire.
They had put meat on the fire.
They had cooked the meat
They had pulled up [some] grass.
They had put it down right there.
On it, they had put the meat
He and Killer of Enemies had sat down to it
1. koyá 'yonder'. Cf. note 1.15, §7.
2. ch'éjíń'áázhná'a 'the two went out, it is said'. 3a person perf. of ch'é-ni- [ni- perf.]-'áázh 'two go out' [act. intr.]. The theme means 'two move' [act. intr.]. ch'é- 'out'; ni- completive [appears only in the imperfective].
3. ndáséyá 'farther on'. ndásé- [also heard ndásá-] 'farther on' plus the postposition -yá.
4. jazha 'they were hunting'. 3a prog. of -zha 'to hunt' [act. intr.. Cf. note 2.1, §3.
5. jiyeesxíͅná'a 'they had killed it, it is said'. 3a person perf. of si-...[si- perf.]ł-ghé to kill one' [act. tr.]. Cf. note 2.1, §7.
6. ní'jił'ahná'a 'they butcher it, it is said'. 3a person imp. of ní-...[si- perf.]-ł-'ah 'to butcher' [act. tr.]. ní- thematic prefix. '- a reduced form of 'i- indefinite object.
7. ní'jił'ahná'a 'they had butchered it, it is said' . 3a person per. of ní-...[si- perf.]-ł-'ah 'to butcher' [act. tr.]. See §6 above.
8. koͅoͅ de'shdóółjéná'a 'they built a fire, it is said'. koͅoͅ 'fire' plus 3a person perf. of de-'i-di-...[hi- perf.]-jaa 'to build a fire' [act. intr. ?]. de-di- prefix referring to fire; 'i- indefinite object (?). -sh- is a reduced form of the 3a subject pronoun ji-.
9. 'itsiͅiͅ 'meat'. Note the use of 'i- indefinite possessor; -tsiͅiͅ is one of the nouns which cannot be used without a possessive prefix [see Grammatical Sketch, §5].
10. tsízhóó'áͅná'a they had put it an the fire, it is said'. 3a person perf. of cí-|...[hi- perf.]-'aa 'to put a round object on [or in] 'the fire' [act. tr.]. Theme: 'to handle a round object' [act. tr.]. tsi-| 'in the fire'. The "round object" is, in this case, a piece of meat.
11. iist'éná'a 'they had cooked it, it is said'. 3a person perf. of ...[si- perf.]-ł-t'ees 'to cook, roast, fry' [act. tr.]. The alternation between t'ees [imp.] and -t'é [perf.] is an unusual one.
12. tł'oh 'grass, hay'.
13. jóózhizhná'a 'they had pulled it up, it is said'. 3a person perf. of ...[hi- perf.]-zhíísh 'to break off, to pull up' [act. tr.].
14. koyá 'right there". Note the variety of meanings associated with this form. Cf. notes 1.15, §7 and §1, this note.
15. njíńjaaná'a 'they had put it down, it is said'. 3a person perf. of ni-ni-...[ni- perf.]-jáásh 'to put a mass down' [act. tr.]. Theme: 'to handle a mass' [act. tr.]. ni- 'down, to a stop'; ni- completive.
The verb just analyzed is one of the so-called "verbs of handling." It will be noted that there are several of these, the choice in any context depending upon the nature of the object handled. Here the object is a bunch of grass which is classed as a bundle or mass. Cf. notes 2.7, §10; 2.1, §9; 1.15, §1; 1.14, §1; 1.12, §§3, 8; 1.11, §5; and 1.22, §1.
16. bikáyá 'on it'. -ká 'on, upon, surface' [indep. pp.].
17. ńjíń'áͅná'a 'they had put it down, it is said'. 3a person perf. of ni-ni...[ni- perf.]-'aa 'to put a round object down' [act. tr.]. The theme: 'to handle around object' [act. tr.]. ni- 'down'; ni- completive. Cf. §15 above; here the referent is a piece of meat.
18. bich'iͅiͅjineeskéná'a 'they had sat down before it, it is said'. -ch'iͅiͅ 'toward, facing, before' [indep. pp.]. jineeské, 3a person perf. of ni-...[si- perf.]-kee 'two sit down' [act. intr.] ni- terminative prefix.
Just as they had started to eat it, the Giant came up to them.
Dásígózhóͅgo `e'jiniiłghałgo, Ghéé'yeń kańyáná'a.
`Ákoo Naaghéé'neesghánéń, Ghéé'yeń dáyiiłtsáee, haóchaná'a.
Hichago, sidáná'a.
Then Killer of Enemies, as soon as he saw the Giant, burst out crying.
Weeping, he sat [there].
1. 'e'jiniiłghałgo 'they, starting to eat'. 3a person imp. of 0ee-'i-ni|...[ni- perf.?]-ł-ghaał 'to begin eating' [act. intr.?]. ee- is shortened before the following glottal stop. This verb is sometimes conjugated in the -1- class; note that the initial stem consonant does not assimilate in voice to the preceding ł- [such assimilation does not occur when -ł- is historically an -1-]. Pref ixes indefinable but cf. ... [hi- perf.]-1-ghał 'to eat' [act. tr.]. Both verbs, incidentally, refer specifically to the eating of meat or meat-like substances.
2. kańyáná'a 'he came to them, it is said'. ka- > go- 3a obj. plus aa- 'to'[pp.]; kaa- becoming ka- when followed by -n- plus consonant. [- 3rd person ni- perf.; -yá- perf. stem of yá- 'one moves' [act. intr.]. See note 1.15, §2.
3. dáyiiłtsáe 'as soon as he had seen him'. dá-...-ee 'as soon as, just as' [dá- 'just, procl.; -ee 'at', pp.]. yiiłtsá. 3rd person perf, with 3rd person obj. of hi-|...[ni- perf.]-ł-tsé 'to see' [act. tr.]. See note.1.19, §3.
4. haóchaná'a 'he had burst out crying, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of ha-|...[hi- perf.] cha 'to break out crying' [act. intr.]. ha-| 'out'. Cf. note 2.5, §3.
5. sidáná'a 'he sat, it is said'. 3rd person of -dá 'one sits' [si- perf. neut. intr.].
Then Child of the Water spoke thus to Killer of Enemies:
`Ákoo Tóbájiishchinéń Naaghee'neesghánéń `áyiiłndíná'a:
1. 'iyáabaͅaͅ 'why' 'iyáa 'what'. baͅaͅ > bi- 3rd person obj. plus -aͅaͅ 'for, because of [pp.]'.
2. ncha 'you weep'. 2nd person imp. of ...[hi- perf.]-cha 'to weep' [act. intr.]. Cf. note 2.5, § 3
3. bíni 'stop, let it go', Interjection.
Then Killer of Enemies spoke thus to Child of the Water:
`Ákoo Naaghéé'neesghánéń Tóbájiishchinéń `áyiiłndíná'a.
1. ndé doonzhóͅda 'the evil person'. ndé 'person'. doo-...-da negative; nzhóͅ 'he is good' [see note 1.4. §2]; -ń relative enclitic.
2. nahch'iͅiͅhogááłń 'he who is coming toward us'. nah- 'us'; - ch'iͅiͅ 'toward' [pp.]; hogááł 3rd person prog. of -yá 'one moves' [act. intr.]; relative enclitic.
3. higee 'because of him'. -gee 'because of'; hi- variant 3rd person object.
Then, as the two who had sat down to it began to eat the meat, he took it away from them.
Nágo, `itsiͅiͅ be'jinyáͅgo bich'iͅiͅzhineeskéní, kaanáyin'áͅná'a.
1. be'jinyáͅgo 'they having started to eat it' . 3a person perf. of Oee-'i-ni-...[-ni- perf.]-yíͅ 'to begin to eat' [act. intr.]. Prefixes indefinable but cf. ... [hi- perf.]-yáͅ 'to eat' [act. tr.]. Cf. also note 2.8, §1.
2. bich'iͅiͅzhineeskéní 'those who had sat down before it' bich'iͅiͅzhineeské 'they had sat down before it' see note 2.7, §18]. -n past tense enclitic; -í relative enclitic.
A better translation of this phrase would be 'then, though the two who had sat down before the meat had begun to eat it , ...'.
3. kaanáyin'áͅná'a 'he took it away from them, it is said'. kaa- 'from them' [go- plus aa- pp.]. náyin- > ná-yi-di-ni- [see note 1.22 §1]; ná-di- 'upward'; yi- 3rd person obj.; ni- perf. -áͅ, perf. stem of -'aa 'to handle around object' [act. tr.]. Literally 'he had picked up the round object from them'.
4. doosíͅíͅłí [should read dooshíͅíͅłí] 'that which I will eat'.First person future of ... [hi-perf.]-yáͅ 'to eat' [act. tr.] plus -í relative enclitic. The stem consonant gh- [-ghíͅíͅł, prog. stem of -yáͅ 'to eat] assimilates to the final consonant of the prefix complex doosh-.
5. daahiłts'i'áł'íͅ 'you have that'. daahiłts'i- meaning unknown. 'áł'íͅ 2nd person imp. of 'á...[hi- perf.]-ł-'íͅ 'to do so to, to treat' [act, tr.]. 'á- 'thus, so'.
Then Child of the Water spoke thus to the Giant:
Nágo Tóbájiishchinéń Ghéé'yeń `áyiiłndíná'a:
1. 'ánáádóódlííłí'áͅáͅ 'that which you will again make so'. 'á- 'thus, so'; náá- 'again'; dóó- 2nd person fut.; -dlííł-, -d- form of -lííł-, prog, stem of -1á 'to make' [act. tr.]; -í relative enclitic; -'áͅáͅ interrog. enclitic. A better translation: 'that which you expect to make so'.
2. 'ásh'iͅiͅ 'I have prepared it'. First person perf. of 'á-...[? perf.]-ł-iͅiͅ 'to make, prepare' [act. tr.].
Child of the Water, in this remark, is emphasizing that he, not his timid brother, prepared the meat which the Giant has stolen.
Then the Giant took the meat away from him.
`Ákoo Ghéé'yeń `itsiͅiͅí kaanáyin'áͅná'a.
`Ághazhiͅgo neesdázhiͅ bitł`áhyá niyíń'áͅná'a.
Baanáshnáͅná'a.
Kaanáyin'áͅná'a.
Baanáshn'áͅná'a.
Kaanáyin'áͅná'a.
Dásígózhóͅgo, díͅíͅnnán `iłdénánájóó`aͅná'a.
He put it down under the place over there where he sat.
[Child of the Water] took it away from him.
[Giant] took it away from him.
[Child of the Water] took it away from him.
[Giant] took it away from him.
In just this manner, they passed it between themselves exactly four times
1. 'ághazhiͅgo 'over there'. 'ágha- 'there' [demonstr. stem] plus -zhiͅ 'to' [pp.] and -go subordinating enclitic. See Grammatical Sketch, §3.
2. neesdázhiͅ 'where he sat down'. neesdá- 3rd person perf. of ni-...[si- perf.]-dáá 'one sits down' [act. intr.]. ni- terminative. See note 2.7, §18. zhiͅ 'to' [pp.].
3. niyíń'áͅná'a 'he put it down, it is said'.
3rd person perf. of ni-ni-...[ni- perf.]-aa 'to take a round object from someone' [act. tr.]. See note 2.17, §3.
4. baanáshnáͅná'a 'he took it from him, it is said. 3a object pronoun of Oaa-ná-di-|...[ni- perf.]-aa 'to take a round object from someone' [act.tr.]. baa- 'from him'; náshn- > ná-ji-di-ni-; ná-di 'upward' [di- becomes n-] ji- 3a subject [reduced to -sh-]; ni- perfective. See note 2.17, §3.
Note how, in this and the three lines following, the two third persons are distinguished by the use of the 3a object pronoun. When Child of the Water is taking meat from the Giant, the indirect object is expressed by bi- [baanáshnáͅná'a 'he took it from him, it is said'] and when Giant takes it from Child of the Water, the indirect object is expressed by go- [kaanáyin'áͅna'a he took it from him, it is said].
5. díͅíͅnnán exactly four times'. díͅíͅ-, combining form of díͅíͅ'-,? 'four'; -n 'times'; -ná 'only, exactly'; -n 'times' (?).
6. 'iłdénánájóó 'áͅná'a 'they passed it between themselves, it is said'. 'ił- reciprocal noun; -dé 'between, from one to another' [pp.]; náná- 'again and again'; jóó- 3a person, hi- perf. -'áͅ perf. stem of -'aa 'to handle a round object [act.tr.]
Then the Giant spoke thus to Child of the Water:
1. haadí 'what'. Interrog. stem haad- plus relative enclitic -í. See Grammatical Sketch, §4.
2. nk'a'go 'being your arrows'. n- reduced form of ni- 2nd person poss.; -k'a' possessed form of k'aa 'arrows; -go subordinating enclitic.
3. hashínké 'you are fierce'. 2nd person of ha-...-d-ké 'to be fierce, war-like, pugnacious' [si- perf. neut. intr.].
This remark is better translated. "What are our arrows, you [who] are fierce?" Or, in freer translation; "Of what are your arrows made that you can be so warlike?"
Then Child of the Water picked up his arrows.
The arrows of Child of the Water are often described as made of grama-grass.
Then the Giant spoke thus to Child of the Water:
`Ákoo Ghéé'heń Tóbájiishchinéń `áyiiłndíná'a:
1. 'njááshaͅaͅ 'hand them here'. 'njáásh, 2nd person imp. with indefinite obj. of ni- [ni- perf.]-jáásh 'to move a bundle to' [act. tr.]. ni- completive. -shaͅaͅ exclamatory enclitic.
2. nák'édishxaał 'I'll look at them for you'. ni- > ni- 2nd person obj. plus á- 'for' [pp.]. k'édishxaał, 1st person imp. of k'é-di-...[si- perf.]-ghaał to look at' [act. t r.]. Prefixes. k'é- 'at', cf. di-...[si- perf.]-ghaał to look' [act. intr.]; di- inceptive [?]. Stem -ghaał becomes -haał by assimilation to preceding -sh-.
Then he gave them to him.
`Ákoo baajíńjaaná'a.
Nágo Ghéé'yeń k'aaní bitsile káyéishjaaná'a.
Gháhá dádoodees'íͅdayá káyaanáyíńndilná'a.
Then the Giant rubbed the arrows on his anus.
He threw them away without looking to see where [they went].
1. baajíńjaaná'a 'he gave them to him, it is said'. 3a person perf. of Oaa-ni-...[ni- perf.]jáásh 'to give someone a bundle' [act. tr.]. aa- to [pp.]; ni- completive; -jáásh 'to handle a bundle' [act. tr.].
2. k'aaní 'the arrows'. k'aa 'arrows' plus -n past tense enclitic and -í relative enclitic. The past tense enclitic, used with a noun, indicates that it is one which has been mentioned before.
3. bitsile 'his anus'. Noun with constant possessor. See Grammatical Sketch, §5.
4. káyéishjaaná'a [should read káyéisjaaná'a 'he rubbed them on it for him, it is said. ká- 'for him'. yéisjaa, 3rd person perf. of 0é-...[si- perf.]-jish 'to rub something on something' [act. tr.]. é- 'on, against' [pp.]. yéis > yi- indirect 3rd person obj; -é 'on'; yi- direct 3rd person object; and si- perfective.
5. gháhá 'away, over there'. gháh- 'there, yonder' plus -yá pp. See Grammatical Sketch, §3.
6. dádoodees'íͅdayá 'where he did not look. dá- 'just; doo-...da negative; -yá pp. dees'íͅ 'he looked', 3rd person perf. verb apparently with a prefix di-. Only the perfective mode is found in Chiricahua.
7. káyaanáyíńndilná'a 'he threw them away for him, it is said'. ká- 'for him'. yaanáyíńndil 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of ya-ná-ni-...[ni- perf]- ndil 'to throw several away back' [act. tr.]. yaa- 'away' (?); ná- 'back'; ni- completive. Theme: 'to handle several scattered objects' [act. tr.]. The use of this theme in placeof -jaash 'to handle a bundle' [act. tr.], which was previously used to refer to the arrows, indicates that the Giant scattered the arrows.
Then Child of the Water spoke similarly to the Giant:
ndí'a 'you!'. ndí [variant ndíí-] independent pronoun for the second person; 'a enclitic denoting emphasis or exclamation.
The Giant pointed out some big pine logs which were lying at his side.
Béńch'iyéntsaazi biyeeshxahyá sizhoozhí Ghéé'yeń káyółchiná'a.
1. béńch'iyéntsaazí 'big pine logs'. béńch'iyé [also heard béńch'i'] 'pine trees, pine logs'. n-tsaaz, 3rd person of ni-...-tsaaz 'to be big, bulky' [imp. neut. intr. ; ni- adj.]. -í relative.
2. biyeeshxahyá 'at his side'. -eeshxah 'in the vicinity of, near' [pp.]; bi- 'his'; -yá [pp.]
3. sizhoozhí 'that were lying in rows'. 3rd person of -zhoozh 'a set of parallel objects lie' [si- perf. neut. intr.] The Killing of the Giant, Linguistic Notes plus -í relative.
4. káyółchiná'a 'he pointed them out for him, it is said'. ká- 'for him'. yółchi, 3rd person imp. with 3rd person obj. of hó-...hi- perf.]-ł-chi 'to point at, to indicate' [act. tr.]. Prefix indefinable.
Then Child of the Water arose.
`Ákoo Tóbájiishchinéń nádiidzáná'a.
Béńch'iyéí shik'a' biłjindíní káik'inaaheesjiͅiͅná'a.
He rubbed his anus on the pine logs [Giant] had told him [were] his arrows.
1. nádiidzáná'a 'he arose, it is said'. nádii- > ná-di- 'upward' plus ni- perf. dzá, perf. -d- stem of -yá 'one moves' [act. intr.; see note 1.15, §2].
2. béńch'iyéí shik'a' biłjindíní 'the logs he had told him [were] his arrows'. béńch'iyéí 'the pine logs; shik'a 'my arrows'; biłjindí 'he told him'; -n past tense enclitic; -í relative. Literally: 'the pine logs "my arrows" that he had told him.
3. káik'inaaheesjiͅiͅná'a 'he rubbed his anus on them for him, it is said'. ká- 'for him'. -ik'i- > yik'i- 'on them'. aa-hi-...[si- perf.]-ł-jiͅiͅ 'to slide one's anus; to sit along; to move along while sitting' [act. intr.]. Cf. ni-...[si- perf.] 'to sit down, to perch' [act. intr.; ni- terminative].
Then Child of the Water and the Giant quarrelled with each other.
Nágo Tóbájiishchinéń Ghéé'yeńbił `iłaanaagot'aashná'a.
Naaghéé'neesghánéń `iłk'idáͅ ndé silíͅ ndah, biłgóghégo hichago, goch'iͅiͅsidáná'a.
Killer of Enemies had long ago become a man but, afraid and crying, he sat next to [Child of the Water].
1. 'iłaanaagot'aashná'a 'they quarrelled with each other, it issaid'. 'ił- reciprocal pronoun; aa- 'from' [pp.]. naa-|...[si- perf.]-'aash 'two move about, here and there' [act. intr.]. ił- causes the stem to have the -d- form. Literally: 'they walked about from one another'.
2. 'iłk'idáͅ 'long ago' [part.]. Cf. the enclitic -dáͅ 'time past'.
3. ndah 'but' [part.].
4. goch'iͅiͅsidáná'a 'he sat before him, it is said'. -ch'iͅ 'before, facing, towards' [indep. pp]
Then, finally, the Giant spoke thus to Child of the Water:
`Áko, k'adi, Ghéé'yeń Tóbájiishchinéń `áyiindíná'a:
1. 'iłnnłt'ó 'let's shoot at each other'. first person dual imp. with reciprocal prefix 'ił- of ni-...[ni- perf.]-ł-t'ó 'to shoot at' [act, tr.; ni- completive].
2. t'éhéńdoodaí 'that you are so brave'. t'éhéńdoo, 2nd person of t'é-hé-ni-...-doo, to be brave' [imp. neut. intr.]. Prefixes indefinable, -da 'even, so' [encl.]; -í relative.
3. bégooziͅiͅ 'it will be known'. 3rd person imp. of 0é-go-|...[si- perf.]-ziͅiͅ 'knowledge about something comes' [act. intr.]. é- 'about'; go- ?.
"All right."
Then the Giant spoke thus to Child of the Water:
Nágo Ghéé'yeń Tóbájiishchinéń `áyiiłndíná'a:
1. shánanńndá 'you stand over there for me'. shá- 'for me'. Prefixes na-ni-ni- indefinable except that the final ni- is probably completive. - ndá, 2nd person imperf. stem of -yá 'one moves' [act. intr.]. See 1.15, §2.
2. ninsht'ó shoot at you'. First person imp. with 2nd person obj. of ni-...[ni- perf.]-ł-t'ó 'to shoot at' [act. tr.]. See note 2.22, §1.
Then Child of the Water:
`Ákoo Tóbájiishchinéń:
And then he stood up for him.
1. kánanńyáná'a 'he stood over there for him, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of 0á-na-ni-ni-...[ni- perf.]-yá 'to stand over there for someone' [act. intr.]. See note 2.24, §1.
2. díͅíͅn 'four times'. díͅíͅ- combined form of díͅíͅ' 'four'; -n 'times'.
3. góńłt'oná'a 'he shot at him, it is said', 3rd person perf. with 3a obj. of ni-...[ni- perf.]-ł-t'ó 'to shoot at' [act. tr.]. See note 2.22, §1.
4. díík'een 'every time'. díík'ee- combined form of díík'eh 'all, every' [part.]; -n 'times'.
5. gosiiná'a 'he missed him, it is said', 3rd person imp. with 3a obj. of ...[hi- perf.]-ł-zii 'to miss [a mark in shooting]' [act. tr.]. -ł- combines with the initial stem consonant.
One version has it that Child of the Water swallows a bead of turquoise each time Giant shoots, and the arrows of the Giant are splintered in mid-air. Others say that Child of the Water recited certain prayers which caused the arrows to miss their mark. Still others say that Child of the Water, aided by lightning, blew outward each time and shattered the arrows. [See Mescalero text 8].
Then Child of the Water spoke thus to the Giant:
`Ákoo Tóbájiishchinéń Ghéé'yeń `áyiiłndíná'a:
The Giant stood up for him.
Ghéé'yeń kánanńyáná'a.
Ghéé'yeń béshgai'é díͅíͅ'go `Iłkáá'sijaago bi'édená'a.
Dooka'ólídaná'a.
The Giant's coat [was] four layers of flint.
He was not afraid of him.
1. béshgai'é 'flint'. Possibly an old compound of bésh 'flint' [ < bésh-]; -gai 'white', cf. łi-ni-...-gai 'to be white' [imp. neut. intr.; łi-ni- adj. prefixes]; and the relative -é.
2. díͅíͅ'go 'being four'. díͅíͅ' 'four'; -go subordinating enclitic.
3. iłkáá'sijaago 'being laid on top of one another'. ił- reciprocal prefix, -káá'-, variant of -ká 'top, surface' [indep. pp.]. sijaa 'a mass lies' [3rd person si- perf. neut. intr.].
4. bi'édená'a '[was] his coat, it is said', possessed form of 'é' 'coat'.
5. dooka'ólídaná'a 'he was not afraid of him, it is said'. doo-...-da negative. ka'ólí, 3rdperson of Oaa-'i-ho-...-lí 'to be suspicious of, to fear, to have no faith in' [imp. neut. intr.]. aa- 'about' [?]; 'i-ho-- ?.
Child of the Water shot at him.
Tóbájiishchinéń góńłt'oná'a.
`Ikáshíͅgo béshgai'é go'édení goghahnaadzóółteelná'a.
Náábik'eshíͅgo, náágóńłt'onágo, `áíłi'í goghahnaanáádzóółteelná'a.
Táán hilaaee náágóńłt'oná'a.
Táánee go'édení goghahnaanáádzóółteelná'a.
Nágo dágon'oshíͅ
gojéí naahihndáná'a.
Díͅíͅnee náágóńłt'oná'a.
Gojéíí dásí'iłndíyá `ijóósiná'a.
The topmost [layer of] his flint coat slid off him.
The next layer, as he shot at him again, this one, slid off him also.
He shot at him again for the third time.
The third time, his coat again slid off him.
Then his heart [could] clearly [be seen] beating.
[Child of the Water] shot at him again for the fourth time.
He shot [the arrow] right into the center of his heart.
1. 'ikáshíͅgo 'the topmost'. 'iká 'top, surface' [-ká with indef. pronoun]; -shíͅ 'from' [pp.]; -go subordinating enclitic. Literally: 'being from the surface'.
2. go'édení 'his coat'. -'éde, possessed form of 'éé 'coat'; -n past tense enclitic [see note 2.17, §2]; -í relative.
3. goghahnaadzóółteelná'a 'it had slid off him, it is said'. -ghah 'off' [pp.]. naadzóółteel. 3rd person perf. of naa-dzi-...[hi- perf.]-ł-tééł 'to stream, to slide' [act. intr.]. naa- 'down'; dzi- ?
4. náábik'eshíͅgo 'the next layer'. náá- 'again'; -k'e 'on' [pp.]. Literally: 'being from on it again'.
5. 'áíłi'í 'this one'. 'áí 'that'; łi' 'this, the other'.
6. táán hilaaee 'for the third time'. taa- combined form of táí 'three'; -n 'times'. hilaa, 3rd person imp. of ...[si- perf.]-1aa 'to become' [act. intr.; hi- peg element]. -ee 'at' [pp.]. Literally: 'at its becoming the third time'.
7. táánee 'the third time'. táá- from táí 'three', -n 'times'; -ee 'at' [pp.].
8. dágon'oshíͅ 'clearly, in plain sight'. dágon'oh 'it is clear, plain, in plain sight' [no analysis]. -shíͅ 'from' [pp.].
9. gojéí 'his heart'. -jeí 'heart', noun with constant possessor.
10. naahihndáná'a 'it was beating, it is said'. 3rd person imp. of naa-hi-...[si- perf.]-d- ndá 'to move, tremble, shake' [mediopas.]. Prefixes indefinable, but cf. di-yi-...[si- perf.]- ndá 'to begin to move, shake' [act. intr.]. The -d- classifier becomes -h- before the stem consonant nd- [see Grammatical sketch, §7].
11. dásí'iłndíyá 'right in the center'. dásí- 'just, exactly' [procl.]; 'ił- reciprocal pronoun; - ndí 'middle, center' [pp.]; -yá postpositional enclitic.
12. 'ijóósiná'a 'he had shot it off, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of 'i-ji-...[hi- perf.]-ł-zii 'to shoot off [an arrow]' [act. intr.]. 'I- 'off, away'; ji- ?. -ł- combines with the initial stem consonant.
Then the Giant spoke thus:
1. 'iyáahee should read 'iyáahee 'what'.
2. doot'íͅdaí 'that which cannot be seen'. doo-...da negative; hot'íͅ, 3rd person passive of 'íͅ 'to see' [prog. neut. tr.]; -í relative.
3. 'áshił'iͅiͅná 'it has done so to me'. 3rd person perf. with first person obj. of 'a-...[? perf.]-ł-'íͅ 'to do to, treat' [act. tr.]. -ná emphatic enclitic.
Then Child of the Water spoke thus to Killer of Enemies:
Nágo Tóbájishchinéń Naaghéé'neesghánéń `áyiiłndíná'a:
1. nánłghee 'run'.2nd person imp. of ná-di-|...[ni- perf]-l-ghee 'to run' [act. intr.]. Prefixes indefinable but the theme, used with a variety of prefixes, seems to mean 'to move rapidly' [act. intr.]. In the 2nd person imp., di- becomes n-. Note that the 2nd person imp. has imperative connotation; see note 1.17, §2.
2. ndééskaa 'he has started to fall'. 3rd person perf. of ní-di-...[si- perf.]-kaa 'a long object begins to fall' [act. intr.]. di- inceptive; ní- ?.
3. nk'eeniikaa 'he will fall on you'. 3rd person imp. of O-k'e-ni-|...[hi- perf.]-kaa 'a long object falls on someone' [act. intr.]. -k'ee 'on'; ni-| ?. Cf. §2 above.
Very often informants name some locality where the bones of the Giant, now turned to rock can be seen to this day. Lava beds and masses of dark or reddish rock are pointed out as the coagulated blood of the Giant. The Giant is said to have been so tall that his outstretched body covered four mountain ridges.
Then Killer of Enemies was happy.
He danced around and around.
1. 'iłéńziͅná'a 'he was happy, it is said'. See note 1.18, §5.
2. naaná'azhishná'a 'he was dancing around and around, it is said'. Prefix complex naa-ná-'i-... found only with the prog. paradigm. zhish prog. stem of zhíísh 'to dance' [act. intr.].
The deer which they had killed they carried back to White Painted Woman.
Biͅiͅ jiyeesxíͅní `Isdzánádleeshéń baanájígíͅná'a.
`Iłéńziͅná'a.
Naaná'azhishná'a.
`Ákaa `ijóó'áázhdáͅ, doohindákaayólída.
`Áíní baanájít'áázh.
Bánijíghíͅ. Nágo bínihooná'a.
She was happy.
She danced around and around.
When the two had gone out there, she had not expected them [to come back] alive.
They had come back to her.
They had brought [a deer] for her.
So she was happy.
1. baanájígíͅná'a 'they carried it back to her, it is said'. baa- > dx bi- 3rd person obj. plus aa- 'to' [pp.]. nájígíͅ, 3a person perf. of ná-ni-...[ni- perf]-d-ghee
'to carry a burden back' [act. tr.]. ná- 'back', requires the -d- form; ni- completive. Theme: 'to carry a burden' [act. tr.].
2. 'ihéhee 'good, thank you'. Interjection denoting pleasure and gratitude.
3. 'ijóó'áázhdáͅ 'when they had gone away'. 3a person perf. of 'i-|...[hi- perf.]-'aash 'two go away' [act. intr.]. 'i-| 'away'. -dáͅ 'at that time; time past' [encl.].
4. doohindákaayólída 'she had not expected them alive'. doo-...da negative; hindá, 3rd person of ndá 'to live, to be alive' [imp. neut. intr.; hi- peg element ?]. kaayólí, 3rd person with 3rd person obj. of Oaa-ho-...-lí 'to expect, to believe' [imp. neut. intr.]. Cf. note 2.28, §5.
5. 'áíní 'they'. 'Áí 'those'; -n past tense enclitic; -í relative.
6. baanájít'áázh 'they had come back to her'. For prefix complex, see §1, this note. -d- form of the perf. stem of -'aash 'two move' [act. intr.].
7. bánijíghíͅ 'they had brought it for her'. bá- 'for her'. nijíghíͅ, 3a person perf. of ni-ni-...[ni- perf.]-ghee 'to stop carrying a burden, to bring [act. tr.]. ni- 'to a stop'; ni- completive.
8. bínihooná'a 'she was happy, it is said'. An unanalyzable form; cf. shínihoo 'I am happy', nínihoo 'you are happy'.
Linguistic Notes by Harry Hoijer
1. 'it'ago nłdzil hilaadadáͅ 'when he was still growing up'. 'it'ago 'still' [part.], -go subordinating enclitic. nłdzil, third person of ni-...-ł-dzil 'to be strong' [imp. neut. intr.; ni- adj.]. hilaa, third person imperfective of -laa 'to become' [act. intr.; hi- peg element, see Grammatical Sketch, §13]. -da 'even, just as' [encl.]; -dáͅ 'at such a time, when' [encl.]. Literally 'when he was just becoming stronger.
2. 'ánáándéná'a 'he was already a man'. Third person of 'á-náá-ni-...- ndé 'to be already a man' [imp. neut. intr.]. Cf. ni-...- ndé- 'to be a man, to be mature, virile' [imp. neut. intr.] and ndé 'man'. 'á-náá- 'already' (?); ni- adj.
3. 'inázhaná'a 'he often hunted, it is said'. Third person iterative of 'i-| [hi- perf.]-zhá 'to go off hunting' [act. intr.]. 'i-| 'away, off'.
4. biͅiͅ 'deer'.
5. naiłtseená'a 'he killed then, it is said'. Third person imperfective of naa-|...[si- perf.]-ł-tsee 'to kill several' [act. tr. with plural object only]. nai- > naa-| 'about' plus yi- third person object.
6. dásígózhóͅgo 'just as'. dásí- 'just, exactly' [part.]. gózhóͅgo, see note 1.13, §3.
7. yiyałhééłgo 'he, killing it'. 3rd person prog. of si-...[si perf.]-ł-ghé 'to kill one' [act. tr.]. The prefix si- referring to killing becomes yi- when preceded by a pronoun object or the deictic elements. Thus yi- 3rd person obj. plus si- plus ha- 3rd person prog. plus -ł- classifier becomes yiyał-. The initial consonant of the stem assimilates in voice to the preceding -ł-.
In this passage, the number of the noun is determined by the verb. biͅiͅ 'deer', in the preceding sentence, is plural because its verb requires a plural object. In this sentence, it is singular because its verb requires a singular object.
8. baahagááłná'a 'he was coming to him; it is said'. baa- > bi- third person object plus aa- 'to' [pp.]. Ordinarily yi- rather than bi- should be used here since the subject is also third person [see Grammatical Sketch, §11]. hagááł, third person progressive of -yá 'one moves' [act. intr.] . For the stem, see note 1.15, §2.
By employing the progressive mode in this line and the two following, the informant conveys the impression that this happening was a customary one with Killer of Enemies.
9. baahayałtééłná'a 'he was taking it away from him, it is said'. baa- > bi- third person object plus aa- 'from' [pp.]. Here, again, bi- is used instead of yi [see §8 above]. Note also the variety of meanings associated with the postposition aͅaͅ- : 'to' in §8, 'from' in this example. See also notes 1.15, §8; 1.8, §5; and 1.19, §3.
hayałtééł third person progressive of haa- | [hi- perf.]-tee 'to take an animate object away' [act. tr.; haa- | 'away, out').
10. dooyáadago '[having] nothing'. yáa 'something'; doo-...da negative.
11. nnáhadááłná'a 'he was coming back home, it is said. Third person prog. of ni-ná-ni...[si- perf.]-dá 'one returns [home]' [act. intr]. ni- 'to an end, to a stop'; ná- 'back' [requires the -d- form]; ni- completive [occurs only in the imp. mode]. For the stem. see note 1.15, §2.
12. bigee 'because of him'. -gee 'because of' [pp.], bi- third person pronoun.
1. dáha'yá nłdzil silíͅná'a 'he had become stronger, it is said'. dáha'yá 'somewhat; ha'- indefinite pronoun stem plus dá- 'just' and -yá postposition. nłdzil 'he is strong', see note 2.1, §1. silíͅ, third person si- perf. of -laa 'to become' [act. intr.].
2. bimáń 'his mother'. -má 'mother'.
3. 'áyiiłndíná'a 'he spoke thus to her, it is said'. See note 1.15, 2.
4. k'aa shá'ágolá 'make arrows for me' should read k'aa shá'ágólá. k'aa 'arrows'; shá- > shi- first person object plus áá- 'for' [pp.]. 'á...[? perf.]-lá 'to make' [act. tr.] 'á- 'thus']. go 3a object refers to arrows. The text form is second person imperfective.
5. shik'iséͅ 'my brother'. -k'is 'sibling of same sex'; -éͅ ?.
6. biłdéshzhaa 'I've started to go hunting with him'. bi- 'him'; -ł- 'with, accompanying' [pp.]; déshzhaa, first person perf. of di-...[si- perf.] -d zhá 'to hunt [act. intr.; di- inceptive]. di- plus sí- gives dé-. This verb is sometimes conjugated in the perfective as a -d- verb and at other times as a zero verb.
1. doodaagoodzaadago 'it being impossible'. doo-...-da negative. daagoodzaa, third person perf. of daa-go-...[? perf]--ndá something happens, is done' [act. intr.]. daa-go- is indefinable.
2. 'áńndí 'you say thus'. Second person imp. of 'á-di-...[hi- perf.]-ndí 'to say thus' [act. intr.]. 'á 'thus, so'; di- noise. In the second person imp., di- becomes n-.
Literally, this line reads 'My child, it being impossible you say thus'.
3. niiłhe 'he will kill you'. niił- > ni- 2nd person object plus si- prefix and -ł- classifier. Stem -ghé [-hé by assimilation to the preceding -ł-] 'to kill one' [act. tr.]. See note 2.1, §7
4. naagołtsee 'he kills them'. 3rd person imp. with 3a object of náá- |...[si- perf.]-ł-tsee 'to kill several' [act. tr.]. See note 2.1, §5.
1. dá'ághát'éndah 'in spite of this'. This is one of the few analyzable particles. dá- 'just'; 'ághát'é 'it is so' [see note 1.22, §4], ndah 'but' [part.].
2. áhaͅh 'hurry' [part.]. Cf. haͅh 'hurry,in a hurry' [part.].
3. íͅyaͅaͅ 'so, therefore, for that reason' [part.]
1. 'ághájindííbáͅ 'because he spoke so'. 'ághájindíí, 3rd person imp. of 'ághá-di-...[hi- perf.]- ndíí 'to speak so, [act. intr.]. 'ághá- 'thus, so'; di- noise. The latter drops out in the 3rd and 3a persons of the imperfective.
-í relative enclitic; -báͅáͅ > bi- 3rd person object plus -áͅáͅ 'by reason of, because of' [pp.].
2. 'áí higee 'because of that'. 'áí refers to what Child of the Water said. hi- variant 3rd person pronoun [see note 1.14, §5], -gee because' [pp.; see note 2.1, §12].
3. hichaná'a 'she weeps, it is said. 3rd person imp. of -cha 'to weep' [act. intr.]. hi- peg element, see Grammatical Sketch §18.
1. dádookáhát'íͅdago 'although she did not want him [to go]. dá...-go 'although, even though'; doo-...-da negative; ká- > go- 3a obj. plus á- 'for' [pp.]. hát'íͅ, 3rd person of há-...-t'íͅ 'to be willing, to want to' [imp. neut. intr.]
há- may be the prefix 'for' that appears in há-ni-...[si- perf.]-tá 'to look for' and other verbs and -t'íͅ; the same theme as in 'á-ni-..-t'íͅ 'to be so' [imp. neut. intr.; 'á- 'so'; ni- adj.].
2. dákábiłgóghégo 'although she was afraid for him'. dá- -go 'although, even though; ká- > go- 3a obj. plus dá- 'for' [pp.]; bił- > bi- 3rd person obj. plus -ł 'with, accompanying' [pp.]. góghé 'there is fear', place subject of ni-...-ghé fear exists' [imp. neut. intr.; ni- adj.].
3. Naaghéé'neesghánéńbił 'with Killer of Enemies'. Naaghéé'neesghánéń 'Killer of Enemies' [see note 1.2, §5] plus bi- 'him' and -ł- 'with, accompanying.
4. jideezhaaná'a 'he started to hunt it is said'. 3a person perf. of di-...[si- perf.]-zhá 'to start to hunt' [act. intr. ; di- inceptive]. di- plus si- gives dees- but the final -s- is lost before voiced spirantal stem initials.
1. koyá 'yonder'. Cf. note 1.15, §7.
2. ch'éjíń'áázhná'a 'the two went out, it is said'. 3a person perf. of ch'é-ni- [ni- perf.]-'áázh 'two go out' [act. intr.]. The theme means 'two move' [act. intr.]. ch'é- 'out'; ni- completive [appears only in the imperfective].
3. ndáséyá 'farther on'. ndásé- [also heard ndásá-] 'farther on' plus the postposition -yá.
4. jazha 'they were hunting'. 3a prog. of -zha 'to hunt' [act. intr.. Cf. note 2.1, §3.
5. jiyeesxíͅná'a 'they had killed it, it is said'. 3a person perf. of si-...[si- perf.]ł-ghé to kill one' [act. tr.]. Cf. note 2.1, §7.
6. ní'jił'ahná'a 'they butcher it, it is said'. 3a person imp. of ní-...[si- perf.]-ł-'ah 'to butcher' [act. tr.]. ní- thematic prefix. '- a reduced form of 'i- indefinite object.
7. ní'jił'ahná'a 'they had butchered it, it is said' . 3a person per. of ní-...[si- perf.]-ł-'ah 'to butcher' [act. tr.]. See §6 above.
8. koͅoͅ de'shdóółjéná'a 'they built a fire, it is said'. koͅoͅ 'fire' plus 3a person perf. of de-'i-di-...[hi- perf.]-jaa 'to build a fire' [act. intr. ?]. de-di- prefix referring to fire; 'i- indefinite object (?). -sh- is a reduced form of the 3a subject pronoun ji-.
9. 'itsiͅiͅ 'meat'. Note the use of 'i- indefinite possessor; -tsiͅiͅ is one of the nouns which cannot be used without a possessive prefix [see Grammatical Sketch, §5].
10. tsízhóó'áͅná'a they had put it an the fire, it is said'. 3a person perf. of cí-|...[hi- perf.]-'aa 'to put a round object on [or in] 'the fire' [act. tr.]. Theme: 'to handle a round object' [act. tr.]. tsi-| 'in the fire'. The "round object" is, in this case, a piece of meat.
11. iist'éná'a 'they had cooked it, it is said'. 3a person perf. of ...[si- perf.]-ł-t'ees 'to cook, roast, fry' [act. tr.]. The alternation between t'ees [imp.] and -t'é [perf.] is an unusual one.
12. tł'oh 'grass, hay'.
13. jóózhizhná'a 'they had pulled it up, it is said'. 3a person perf. of ...[hi- perf.]-zhíísh 'to break off, to pull up' [act. tr.].
14. koyá 'right there". Note the variety of meanings associated with this form. Cf. notes 1.15, §7 and §1, this note.
15. njíńjaaná'a 'they had put it down, it is said'. 3a person perf. of ni-ni-...[ni- perf.]-jáásh 'to put a mass down' [act. tr.]. Theme: 'to handle a mass' [act. tr.]. ni- 'down, to a stop'; ni- completive.
The verb just analyzed is one of the so-called "verbs of handling." It will be noted that there are several of these, the choice in any context depending upon the nature of the object handled. Here the object is a bunch of grass which is classed as a bundle or mass. Cf. notes 2.7, §10; 2.1, §9; 1.15, §1; 1.14, §1; 1.12, §§3, 8; 1.11, §5; and 1.22, §1.
16. bikáyá 'on it'. -ká 'on, upon, surface' [indep. pp.].
17. ńjíń'áͅná'a 'they had put it down, it is said'. 3a person perf. of ni-ni...[ni- perf.]-'aa 'to put a round object down' [act. tr.]. The theme: 'to handle around object' [act. tr.]. ni- 'down'; ni- completive. Cf. §15 above; here the referent is a piece of meat.
18. bich'iͅiͅjineeskéná'a 'they had sat down before it, it is said'. -ch'iͅiͅ 'toward, facing, before' [indep. pp.]. jineeské, 3a person perf. of ni-...[si- perf.]-kee 'two sit down' [act. intr.] ni- terminative prefix.
1. 'e'jiniiłghałgo 'they, starting to eat'. 3a person imp. of 0ee-'i-ni|...[ni- perf.?]-ł-ghaał 'to begin eating' [act. intr.?]. ee- is shortened before the following glottal stop. This verb is sometimes conjugated in the -1- class; note that the initial stem consonant does not assimilate in voice to the preceding ł- [such assimilation does not occur when -ł- is historically an -1-]. Pref ixes indefinable but cf. ... [hi- perf.]-1-ghał 'to eat' [act. tr.]. Both verbs, incidentally, refer specifically to the eating of meat or meat-like substances.
2. kańyáná'a 'he came to them, it is said'. ka- > go- 3a obj. plus aa- 'to'[pp.]; kaa- becoming ka- when followed by -n- plus consonant. [- 3rd person ni- perf.; -yá- perf. stem of yá- 'one moves' [act. intr.]. See note 1.15, §2.
3. dáyiiłtsáe 'as soon as he had seen him'. dá-...-ee 'as soon as, just as' [dá- 'just, procl.; -ee 'at', pp.]. yiiłtsá. 3rd person perf, with 3rd person obj. of hi-|...[ni- perf.]-ł-tsé 'to see' [act. tr.]. See note.1.19, §3.
4. haóchaná'a 'he had burst out crying, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of ha-|...[hi- perf.] cha 'to break out crying' [act. intr.]. ha-| 'out'. Cf. note 2.5, §3.
5. sidáná'a 'he sat, it is said'. 3rd person of -dá 'one sits' [si- perf. neut. intr.].
1. 'iyáabaͅaͅ 'why' 'iyáa 'what'. baͅaͅ > bi- 3rd person obj. plus -aͅaͅ 'for, because of [pp.]'.
2. ncha 'you weep'. 2nd person imp. of ...[hi- perf.]-cha 'to weep' [act. intr.]. Cf. note 2.5, § 3
3. bíni 'stop, let it go', Interjection.
1. ndé doonzhóͅda 'the evil person'. ndé 'person'. doo-...-da negative; nzhóͅ 'he is good' [see note 1.4. §2]; -ń relative enclitic.
2. nahch'iͅiͅhogááłń 'he who is coming toward us'. nah- 'us'; - ch'iͅiͅ 'toward' [pp.]; hogááł 3rd person prog. of -yá 'one moves' [act. intr.]; relative enclitic.
3. higee 'because of him'. -gee 'because of'; hi- variant 3rd person object.
1. be'jinyáͅgo 'they having started to eat it' . 3a person perf. of Oee-'i-ni-...[-ni- perf.]-yíͅ 'to begin to eat' [act. intr.]. Prefixes indefinable but cf. ... [hi- perf.]-yáͅ 'to eat' [act. tr.]. Cf. also note 2.8, §1.
2. bich'iͅiͅzhineeskéní 'those who had sat down before it' bich'iͅiͅzhineeské 'they had sat down before it' see note 2.7, §18]. -n past tense enclitic; -í relative enclitic.
A better translation of this phrase would be 'then, though the two who had sat down before the meat had begun to eat it , ...'.
3. kaanáyin'áͅná'a 'he took it away from them, it is said'. kaa- 'from them' [go- plus aa- pp.]. náyin- > ná-yi-di-ni- [see note 1.22 §1]; ná-di- 'upward'; yi- 3rd person obj.; ni- perf. -áͅ, perf. stem of -'aa 'to handle around object' [act. tr.]. Literally 'he had picked up the round object from them'.
4. doosíͅíͅłí [should read dooshíͅíͅłí] 'that which I will eat'.First person future of ... [hi-perf.]-yáͅ 'to eat' [act. tr.] plus -í relative enclitic. The stem consonant gh- [-ghíͅíͅł, prog. stem of -yáͅ 'to eat] assimilates to the final consonant of the prefix complex doosh-.
5. daahiłts'i'áł'íͅ 'you have that'. daahiłts'i- meaning unknown. 'áł'íͅ 2nd person imp. of 'á...[hi- perf.]-ł-'íͅ 'to do so to, to treat' [act, tr.]. 'á- 'thus, so'.
1. 'ánáádóódlííłí'áͅáͅ 'that which you will again make so'. 'á- 'thus, so'; náá- 'again'; dóó- 2nd person fut.; -dlííł-, -d- form of -lííł-, prog, stem of -1á 'to make' [act. tr.]; -í relative enclitic; -'áͅáͅ interrog. enclitic. A better translation: 'that which you expect to make so'.
2. 'ásh'iͅiͅ 'I have prepared it'. First person perf. of 'á-...[? perf.]-ł-iͅiͅ 'to make, prepare' [act. tr.].
Child of the Water, in this remark, is emphasizing that he, not his timid brother, prepared the meat which the Giant has stolen.
1. 'ághazhiͅgo 'over there'. 'ágha- 'there' [demonstr. stem] plus -zhiͅ 'to' [pp.] and -go subordinating enclitic. See Grammatical Sketch, §3.
2. neesdázhiͅ 'where he sat down'. neesdá- 3rd person perf. of ni-...[si- perf.]-dáá 'one sits down' [act. intr.]. ni- terminative. See note 2.7, §18. zhiͅ 'to' [pp.].
3. niyíń'áͅná'a 'he put it down, it is said'.
3rd person perf. of ni-ni-...[ni- perf.]-aa 'to take a round object from someone' [act. tr.]. See note 2.17, §3.
4. baanáshnáͅná'a 'he took it from him, it is said. 3a object pronoun of Oaa-ná-di-|...[ni- perf.]-aa 'to take a round object from someone' [act.tr.]. baa- 'from him'; náshn- > ná-ji-di-ni-; ná-di 'upward' [di- becomes n-] ji- 3a subject [reduced to -sh-]; ni- perfective. See note 2.17, §3.
Note how, in this and the three lines following, the two third persons are distinguished by the use of the 3a object pronoun. When Child of the Water is taking meat from the Giant, the indirect object is expressed by bi- [baanáshnáͅná'a 'he took it from him, it is said'] and when Giant takes it from Child of the Water, the indirect object is expressed by go- [kaanáyin'áͅna'a he took it from him, it is said].
5. díͅíͅnnán exactly four times'. díͅíͅ-, combining form of díͅíͅ'-,? 'four'; -n 'times'; -ná 'only, exactly'; -n 'times' (?).
6. 'iłdénánájóó 'áͅná'a 'they passed it between themselves, it is said'. 'ił- reciprocal noun; -dé 'between, from one to another' [pp.]; náná- 'again and again'; jóó- 3a person, hi- perf. -'áͅ perf. stem of -'aa 'to handle a round object [act.tr.]
1. haadí 'what'. Interrog. stem haad- plus relative enclitic -í. See Grammatical Sketch, §4.
2. nk'a'go 'being your arrows'. n- reduced form of ni- 2nd person poss.; -k'a' possessed form of k'aa 'arrows; -go subordinating enclitic.
3. hashínké 'you are fierce'. 2nd person of ha-...-d-ké 'to be fierce, war-like, pugnacious' [si- perf. neut. intr.].
This remark is better translated. "What are our arrows, you [who] are fierce?" Or, in freer translation; "Of what are your arrows made that you can be so warlike?"
1. 'njááshaͅaͅ 'hand them here'. 'njáásh, 2nd person imp. with indefinite obj. of ni- [ni- perf.]-jáásh 'to move a bundle to' [act. tr.]. ni- completive. -shaͅaͅ exclamatory enclitic.
2. nák'édishxaał 'I'll look at them for you'. ni- > ni- 2nd person obj. plus á- 'for' [pp.]. k'édishxaał, 1st person imp. of k'é-di-...[si- perf.]-ghaał to look at' [act. t r.]. Prefixes. k'é- 'at', cf. di-...[si- perf.]-ghaał to look' [act. intr.]; di- inceptive [?]. Stem -ghaał becomes -haał by assimilation to preceding -sh-.
1. baajíńjaaná'a 'he gave them to him, it is said'. 3a person perf. of Oaa-ni-...[ni- perf.]jáásh 'to give someone a bundle' [act. tr.]. aa- to [pp.]; ni- completive; -jáásh 'to handle a bundle' [act. tr.].
2. k'aaní 'the arrows'. k'aa 'arrows' plus -n past tense enclitic and -í relative enclitic. The past tense enclitic, used with a noun, indicates that it is one which has been mentioned before.
3. bitsile 'his anus'. Noun with constant possessor. See Grammatical Sketch, §5.
4. káyéishjaaná'a [should read káyéisjaaná'a 'he rubbed them on it for him, it is said. ká- 'for him'. yéisjaa, 3rd person perf. of 0é-...[si- perf.]-jish 'to rub something on something' [act. tr.]. é- 'on, against' [pp.]. yéis > yi- indirect 3rd person obj; -é 'on'; yi- direct 3rd person object; and si- perfective.
5. gháhá 'away, over there'. gháh- 'there, yonder' plus -yá pp. See Grammatical Sketch, §3.
6. dádoodees'íͅdayá 'where he did not look. dá- 'just; doo-...da negative; -yá pp. dees'íͅ 'he looked', 3rd person perf. verb apparently with a prefix di-. Only the perfective mode is found in Chiricahua.
7. káyaanáyíńndilná'a 'he threw them away for him, it is said'. ká- 'for him'. yaanáyíńndil 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of ya-ná-ni-...[ni- perf]- ndil 'to throw several away back' [act. tr.]. yaa- 'away' (?); ná- 'back'; ni- completive. Theme: 'to handle several scattered objects' [act. tr.]. The use of this theme in placeof -jaash 'to handle a bundle' [act. tr.], which was previously used to refer to the arrows, indicates that the Giant scattered the arrows.
ndí'a 'you!'. ndí [variant ndíí-] independent pronoun for the second person; 'a enclitic denoting emphasis or exclamation.
1. béńch'iyéntsaazí 'big pine logs'. béńch'iyé [also heard béńch'i'] 'pine trees, pine logs'. n-tsaaz, 3rd person of ni-...-tsaaz 'to be big, bulky' [imp. neut. intr. ; ni- adj.]. -í relative.
2. biyeeshxahyá 'at his side'. -eeshxah 'in the vicinity of, near' [pp.]; bi- 'his'; -yá [pp.]
3. sizhoozhí 'that were lying in rows'. 3rd person of -zhoozh 'a set of parallel objects lie' [si- perf. neut. intr.] The Killing of the Giant, Linguistic Notes plus -í relative.
4. káyółchiná'a 'he pointed them out for him, it is said'. ká- 'for him'. yółchi, 3rd person imp. with 3rd person obj. of hó-...hi- perf.]-ł-chi 'to point at, to indicate' [act. tr.]. Prefix indefinable.
1. nádiidzáná'a 'he arose, it is said'. nádii- > ná-di- 'upward' plus ni- perf. dzá, perf. -d- stem of -yá 'one moves' [act. intr.; see note 1.15, §2].
2. béńch'iyéí shik'a' biłjindíní 'the logs he had told him [were] his arrows'. béńch'iyéí 'the pine logs; shik'a 'my arrows'; biłjindí 'he told him'; -n past tense enclitic; -í relative. Literally: 'the pine logs "my arrows" that he had told him.
3. káik'inaaheesjiͅiͅná'a 'he rubbed his anus on them for him, it is said'. ká- 'for him'. -ik'i- > yik'i- 'on them'. aa-hi-...[si- perf.]-ł-jiͅiͅ 'to slide one's anus; to sit along; to move along while sitting' [act. intr.]. Cf. ni-...[si- perf.] 'to sit down, to perch' [act. intr.; ni- terminative].
1. 'iłaanaagot'aashná'a 'they quarrelled with each other, it issaid'. 'ił- reciprocal pronoun; aa- 'from' [pp.]. naa-|...[si- perf.]-'aash 'two move about, here and there' [act. intr.]. ił- causes the stem to have the -d- form. Literally: 'they walked about from one another'.
2. 'iłk'idáͅ 'long ago' [part.]. Cf. the enclitic -dáͅ 'time past'.
3. ndah 'but' [part.].
4. goch'iͅiͅsidáná'a 'he sat before him, it is said'. -ch'iͅ 'before, facing, towards' [indep. pp]
1. 'iłnnłt'ó 'let's shoot at each other'. first person dual imp. with reciprocal prefix 'ił- of ni-...[ni- perf.]-ł-t'ó 'to shoot at' [act, tr.; ni- completive].
2. t'éhéńdoodaí 'that you are so brave'. t'éhéńdoo, 2nd person of t'é-hé-ni-...-doo, to be brave' [imp. neut. intr.]. Prefixes indefinable, -da 'even, so' [encl.]; -í relative.
3. bégooziͅiͅ 'it will be known'. 3rd person imp. of 0é-go-|...[si- perf.]-ziͅiͅ 'knowledge about something comes' [act. intr.]. é- 'about'; go- ?.
1. shánanńndá 'you stand over there for me'. shá- 'for me'. Prefixes na-ni-ni- indefinable except that the final ni- is probably completive. - ndá, 2nd person imperf. stem of -yá 'one moves' [act. intr.]. See 1.15, §2.
2. ninsht'ó shoot at you'. First person imp. with 2nd person obj. of ni-...[ni- perf.]-ł-t'ó 'to shoot at' [act. tr.]. See note 2.22, §1.
1. kánanńyáná'a 'he stood over there for him, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of 0á-na-ni-ni-...[ni- perf.]-yá 'to stand over there for someone' [act. intr.]. See note 2.24, §1.
2. díͅíͅn 'four times'. díͅíͅ- combined form of díͅíͅ' 'four'; -n 'times'.
3. góńłt'oná'a 'he shot at him, it is said', 3rd person perf. with 3a obj. of ni-...[ni- perf.]-ł-t'ó 'to shoot at' [act. tr.]. See note 2.22, §1.
4. díík'een 'every time'. díík'ee- combined form of díík'eh 'all, every' [part.]; -n 'times'.
5. gosiiná'a 'he missed him, it is said', 3rd person imp. with 3a obj. of ...[hi- perf.]-ł-zii 'to miss [a mark in shooting]' [act. tr.]. -ł- combines with the initial stem consonant.
1. béshgai'é 'flint'. Possibly an old compound of bésh 'flint' [ < bésh-]; -gai 'white', cf. łi-ni-...-gai 'to be white' [imp. neut. intr.; łi-ni- adj. prefixes]; and the relative -é.
2. díͅíͅ'go 'being four'. díͅíͅ' 'four'; -go subordinating enclitic.
3. iłkáá'sijaago 'being laid on top of one another'. ił- reciprocal prefix, -káá'-, variant of -ká 'top, surface' [indep. pp.]. sijaa 'a mass lies' [3rd person si- perf. neut. intr.].
4. bi'édená'a '[was] his coat, it is said', possessed form of 'é' 'coat'.
5. dooka'ólídaná'a 'he was not afraid of him, it is said'. doo-...-da negative. ka'ólí, 3rdperson of Oaa-'i-ho-...-lí 'to be suspicious of, to fear, to have no faith in' [imp. neut. intr.]. aa- 'about' [?]; 'i-ho-- ?.
1. 'ikáshíͅgo 'the topmost'. 'iká 'top, surface' [-ká with indef. pronoun]; -shíͅ 'from' [pp.]; -go subordinating enclitic. Literally: 'being from the surface'.
2. go'édení 'his coat'. -'éde, possessed form of 'éé 'coat'; -n past tense enclitic [see note 2.17, §2]; -í relative.
3. goghahnaadzóółteelná'a 'it had slid off him, it is said'. -ghah 'off' [pp.]. naadzóółteel. 3rd person perf. of naa-dzi-...[hi- perf.]-ł-tééł 'to stream, to slide' [act. intr.]. naa- 'down'; dzi- ?
4. náábik'eshíͅgo 'the next layer'. náá- 'again'; -k'e 'on' [pp.]. Literally: 'being from on it again'.
5. 'áíłi'í 'this one'. 'áí 'that'; łi' 'this, the other'.
6. táán hilaaee 'for the third time'. taa- combined form of táí 'three'; -n 'times'. hilaa, 3rd person imp. of ...[si- perf.]-1aa 'to become' [act. intr.; hi- peg element]. -ee 'at' [pp.]. Literally: 'at its becoming the third time'.
7. táánee 'the third time'. táá- from táí 'three', -n 'times'; -ee 'at' [pp.].
8. dágon'oshíͅ 'clearly, in plain sight'. dágon'oh 'it is clear, plain, in plain sight' [no analysis]. -shíͅ 'from' [pp.].
9. gojéí 'his heart'. -jeí 'heart', noun with constant possessor.
10. naahihndáná'a 'it was beating, it is said'. 3rd person imp. of naa-hi-...[si- perf.]-d- ndá 'to move, tremble, shake' [mediopas.]. Prefixes indefinable, but cf. di-yi-...[si- perf.]- ndá 'to begin to move, shake' [act. intr.]. The -d- classifier becomes -h- before the stem consonant nd- [see Grammatical sketch, §7].
11. dásí'iłndíyá 'right in the center'. dásí- 'just, exactly' [procl.]; 'ił- reciprocal pronoun; - ndí 'middle, center' [pp.]; -yá postpositional enclitic.
12. 'ijóósiná'a 'he had shot it off, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of 'i-ji-...[hi- perf.]-ł-zii 'to shoot off [an arrow]' [act. intr.]. 'I- 'off, away'; ji- ?. -ł- combines with the initial stem consonant.
1. 'iyáahee should read 'iyáahee 'what'.
2. doot'íͅdaí 'that which cannot be seen'. doo-...da negative; hot'íͅ, 3rd person passive of 'íͅ 'to see' [prog. neut. tr.]; -í relative.
3. 'áshił'iͅiͅná 'it has done so to me'. 3rd person perf. with first person obj. of 'a-...[? perf.]-ł-'íͅ 'to do to, treat' [act. tr.]. -ná emphatic enclitic.
1. nánłghee 'run'.2nd person imp. of ná-di-|...[ni- perf]-l-ghee 'to run' [act. intr.]. Prefixes indefinable but the theme, used with a variety of prefixes, seems to mean 'to move rapidly' [act. intr.]. In the 2nd person imp., di- becomes n-. Note that the 2nd person imp. has imperative connotation; see note 1.17, §2.
2. ndééskaa 'he has started to fall'. 3rd person perf. of ní-di-...[si- perf.]-kaa 'a long object begins to fall' [act. intr.]. di- inceptive; ní- ?.
3. nk'eeniikaa 'he will fall on you'. 3rd person imp. of O-k'e-ni-|...[hi- perf.]-kaa 'a long object falls on someone' [act. intr.]. -k'ee 'on'; ni-| ?. Cf. §2 above.
1. 'iłéńziͅná'a 'he was happy, it is said'. See note 1.18, §5.
2. naaná'azhishná'a 'he was dancing around and around, it is said'. Prefix complex naa-ná-'i-... found only with the prog. paradigm. zhish prog. stem of zhíísh 'to dance' [act. intr.].
1. baanájígíͅná'a 'they carried it back to her, it is said'. baa- > dx bi- 3rd person obj. plus aa- 'to' [pp.]. nájígíͅ, 3a person perf. of ná-ni-...[ni- perf]-d-ghee
'to carry a burden back' [act. tr.]. ná- 'back', requires the -d- form; ni- completive. Theme: 'to carry a burden' [act. tr.].
2. 'ihéhee 'good, thank you'. Interjection denoting pleasure and gratitude.
3. 'ijóó'áázhdáͅ 'when they had gone away'. 3a person perf. of 'i-|...[hi- perf.]-'aash 'two go away' [act. intr.]. 'i-| 'away'. -dáͅ 'at that time; time past' [encl.].
4. doohindákaayólída 'she had not expected them alive'. doo-...da negative; hindá, 3rd person of ndá 'to live, to be alive' [imp. neut. intr.; hi- peg element ?]. kaayólí, 3rd person with 3rd person obj. of Oaa-ho-...-lí 'to expect, to believe' [imp. neut. intr.]. Cf. note 2.28, §5.
5. 'áíní 'they'. 'Áí 'those'; -n past tense enclitic; -í relative.
6. baanájít'áázh 'they had come back to her'. For prefix complex, see §1, this note. -d- form of the perf. stem of -'aash 'two move' [act. intr.].
7. bánijíghíͅ 'they had brought it for her'. bá- 'for her'. nijíghíͅ, 3a person perf. of ni-ni-...[ni- perf.]-ghee 'to stop carrying a burden, to bring [act. tr.]. ni- 'to a stop'; ni- completive.
8. bínihooná'a 'she was happy, it is said'. An unanalyzable form; cf. shínihoo 'I am happy', nínihoo 'you are happy'.
| The Killing of the Giant, Chiricahua Apache Text | |