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21Author:  Brooks William Keith 1848-1908Requires cookie*
 Title:  The Oyster  
 Published:  2003 
 Subjects:  University of Virginia Library, Modern English collection | UVA-LIB-Text 
 Description: A citizen of Maryland will give the oyster a high place in the list of our resources. The vast number of oysters which the Chesapeake Bay has furnished in the past is ample proof of its fertility, but it is difficult to give any definite statement as to its value. Statistics, even in recent years, are scanty and doubtful, and it is not possible to estimate the number of oysters which our beds have furnished to our people with any accuracy, although it may be computed, approximately, from indirect evidence. The business of packing oysters for shipment to the interior was established in Maryland in 1834, and from that date to quite recent years it has grown steadily and constantly, and, though small and insignificant at first, it has kept pace with the development of our country, the growth of our population, and the improvement of means for transportation. For fifty-six years the bay has furnished the oysters to meet this constantly increasing demand. The middle of this period is the year 1862, and as the greatest development of the business has taken place since, the business of 1862 may be used as an average for the whole period, with little danger of error through excess. We have no statistics for 1862, but in 1865 C. S. Maltby made a very careful computation of the oyster business of the whole bay for the year. He says there were 1000 boats engaged in dredging and 1500 canoes engaged in tonging. The dredgers gathered 3,663,125 bushels of oysters in Maryland and 1,083,209 bushels in Virginia, while 1,216,375 bushels were tonged in Maryland and 981,791 bushels in Virginia, or 6,954,500 bushels in all. About half of these were sent to Baltimore, and the rest to the following cities in the following order: Washington, Alexandria, Boston, Fair Haven, New York, Philadelphia, Seaford, and Salisbury. Of the 3,465,000 bushels which came to Baltimore, 625,000; were consumed in the city and its vicinity, while 2,840,000 bushels were shipped to a distance by Baltimore packers. Ten years later the harvest of oysters from the bay had increased to 17,000,000 bushels, and it has continued to increase, year after year, up to the last few years. We may safely regard the harvest of 1865 as an approximation to the annual average for the whole period of fifty-six years, and other methods of computation give essentially the same result. Figure 1. The left side of an oyster lying in one shell, with the other shell removed. The mantle has been turned back a little, to show its fringe of dark-colored tentacles, and in order to expose the gills. The part of the mantle which is turned back in this figure marks the place where the current of water flows in to the gills. An oyster in the right valve of the shell, dissected so as to show the internal organs. The anterior end of the body is at the top of the figure, and the dorsal surface on the right hand. Figure 1. A diagram to show the double-w-like arrangement of the eight leaves forming the four gills. The gill-chamber of the mantle is supposed to be on the right and the cloacal chamber on the left. w is the opening of a water tube. All the figures are highly magnified and all except Figure 10 are autograph reproductions from the author's drawings from nature. Figure 10 is copied from a figure by R. T. Jackson in the American Naturalist, December, 1890. Oysters fastened to the upper surface of a round boulder, which had formed the ballast of some vessel and had been thrown overboard in the bay, where the lower half had become embedded in the bottom. The figure, which is about one-fourth the size of the specimen, shows the way in which the oysters grow, in dense crowded clusters, on any solid body which raises them above the mud. An old shoe, one-fourth natural size, upon which there are forty oysters, large enough to be marketable, besides a great number of smaller ones. Figure 2. An oyster shell upon the inside of which about one hundred and fifty young oysters have fastened themselves. This is one from the lot of shells which were sold by Mr. Church, of Crisfield, from the pile of shells at his packing-house, to an oyster farmer in Long Island Sound. Mr. Church visited the farm five weeks after the shells were shipped, and took up a number of the shells, and he states that the one which is here figured is a fair sample. (Tiles which were deposited in the Little Annamessex River by Lieut. Francis Winslow, U. S. N., on July 9, 1879, for the collection of oyster spat. From Winslow's Report on the Oyster Beds of Tangier and Pokamoke Sounds.) Spat six weeks old, from a floating collector.
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22Author:  Clemons Harry 1879-1968Requires cookie*
 Title:  Notes on the Professors for Whom the University of Virginia Halls and Residence Houses are Named  
 Published:  2003 
 Subjects:  University of Virginia Library, Modern English collection | UVA-LIB-Text 
 Description: Bonnycastle is an apt name for an habitation, but its appropriateness for one of the University's Residence Houses stems from the surname of one of the original Professors, Charles Bonnycastle. He was born in England in 1792, the son of a distinguished Professor of Mathematics at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich. Two of John Bonnycastle's sons achieved notable careers in the New World. The elder of the two, Sir Richard Bonnycastle, was a military engineer in Canada. The younger, Charles, received his training at Woolwich, and he was holding a government appointment when Francis Walker Gilmer, Jefferson's agent in England to secure a Faculty for the University of Virginia, persuaded him to cast his lot with the newly fledged institution. The voyage to the United States, which Bonnycastle made with Robley Dunglison, who was to be Professor of Medicine, and Thomas Hewitt Key, to be Professor of Mathematics, was a hazardous initiation. The ship "Competitor" in which they sailed was "an old log", and the voyage was stormy, requiring three and a half months. In fact, because of the delay, the first session of the University of Virginia could not begin until 7 March 1825.
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23Author:  Chase HenryRequires cookie*
 Title:  The North and the South  
 Published:  2003 
 Subjects:  University of Virginia Library, Modern English collection | UVA-LIB-Text 
 Description: As the basis for future comparisons, in this work, the following table is introduced, showing the area of the several States, together with that of the two great sections, the North and the South: TABLE I. Showing the Area of the Slave and the Free States. SLAVE STATES. Area in Sq. Miles. FREE STATES. Area in Sq. Miles. Alabama 50,722 California 155,980 Arkansas 52,198 Connecticut 4,674 Delaware 2,120 Illinois 55,405 Florida 59,268 Indiana 33,809 Georgia 58,000 Iowa 50,914 Kentucky 37,680 Maine 31,766 Louisiana 41,255 Massachusetts 7,800 Maryland 11,124 Michigan 56,243 Mississippi 47,156 New Hampshire 9,280 Missouri 67,380 New York 47,000 North Carolina 50,704 New Jersey 8,320 South Carolina 29,385 Ohio 39,964 Tennessee 45,600 Pennsylvania 46,000 Texas 237,504 Rhode Island 1,306 Virginia 61,352 Vermont 10,212 Wisconsin 53,924 Total 851,448 Total 612,597
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24Author:  Kubovy MichaelRequires cookie*
 Title:  The Psychology of Perspective and Renaissance Art  
 Published:  2003 
 Subjects:  University of Virginia Library, Modern English collection | UVA-LIB-Text 
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25Author:  Clemons Harry 1879-1968Requires cookie*
 Title:  The University of Virginia Library, 1825-1950  
 Published:  2003 
 Subjects:  University of Virginia Library, Modern English collection | UVA-LIB-Text 
 Description: THOMAS JEFFERSON was as completely the founder of the University of Virginia Library as he was the father of the University itself. The central structure of the notable group of buildings which he personally planned was designated by him for the use of the Library. The initial collection of books was selected by him, and by his efforts it was made possible to acquire the collection chiefly by purchase. Because of his wide and insatiable intellectual curiosity and of his lifetime of enthusiastic adventures as a booklover, the selection was of comprehensive scope and authoritative quality. The books were arranged for use according to his subject classification adapted from Francis Bacon. He chose the first two Librarians, and he formulated the first library regulations. During the nineteenth century there was a moderate increase in the number of volumes. But until the burning of the Rotunda in 1895, when a considerable portion of his original collection was destroyed, this was essentially Mr. Jefferson's University Library. The library materials and equipment following 1895 have been secured by the efforts of others. Yet even in this later period, there has to an accelerating degree been regard for and emphasis upon the intentions of the founder.
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26Author:  Sewell David R. 1954-Requires cookie*
 Title:  Mark Twain's Languages  
 Published:  2003 
 Subjects:  University of Virginia Library, Modern English collection | UVA-LIB-Text 
 Description: "Mark Twain's philosophy of language": surely something seems wrong with the phrase. It is pretentious, it claims too much, it takes itself too seriously. Mark Twain was a novelist, not an academic philosopher. Yet we would not balk if the name were "Melville" or "James," or if "language" were changed to "history" or "religion." Novelists can be philosophical, and Mark Twain wrote at least one book, What Is Man?, that claimed to be philosophy; the systematic determinism of his later years is notorious.1 We readily grant him a thorough amateur knowledge of European history but hesitate to admit his expertise in the very medium of which we claim he was a master. Why?
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27Author:  Bersuire Pierre ca. 1290-1362Requires cookie*
 Title:  Metamorphosis Ovidiana moraliter a magistro Thoma Walleys anglico de professione ṕdicatorū subsanctissimo patre Dominico explanata  
 Published:  2003 
 Subjects:  University of Virginia Library, Modern English collection | UVA-LIB-Text 
 Description: AVeritate quidam auditum auertent:ad fabu las aũt cõuertentur.ij.Thi.iiij.ca. Dicit apo stolus paulus prędicator & rigator fidei chri stianę. Quod verbũ ad hoc possuminducere [unknown character] plerũ[unknown character] fabulis:enigmatibus & poema tibus est vtendũ vt exinde aliquis moralis sensus extraha:ur:vt etiam falsitas veritati famulari cogatur. Sic ete[unknown character] sacra scriptura in pluribus passibus videtur fecisse vbi ad alicuius veritatis ostensionem fabulas agnoscitur cõfecisse:sicut apparet in libro iudicũ ca.ix.de fabu lis arborum volentiũ regem eligere. In ezechie[unknown character].ca.xvij.dea[unknown character] la quę cedri medullam ficta est transportare. Sacra e[unknown character] scriptura his & similibus fabulis solet vti vt exinde possit aliqua veritas extrahi vel concludi. Simili modo fecerunt poetę qui in principio fabulas finxerũt:quia per hmõi figmenta semper aliquam veritatem intelligerevoluerunt. Constat e[unknown character] libros poeta[unknown character] trãs currenti:[unknown character] vix aut nũ[unknown character] est dare fabulam [unknown character] n aliquã: aut natura lem aut historicam cõtineat veritatem. V nde rabanus de naturis rerum lib.xvj.ca.j.dicit [unknown character] officiũ poetę est:quę gesta sunt in alias species obliquis figurationibus cum decore aliquo cõuertere. Quapropter ibidẽ dici[unknown character] lucanũ nõ fuisse poetam: quia scilicet visus est historias potius [unknown character] poetica cõfecisse. Latetigitur qñ[unknown character] sub fabulis veritas naturalis sicut xempli gratia patet de vulcano: qui a Iunone dici[unknown character] genitus: & de cælo in terram [unknown character]iectus:& quia de alto cecidit fingitur claudus factus. Iuno enim aerẽ significat qui reuera vulcanũ.i.istũ ignẽ quẽ hichabem9 generat:& eũ per elisionẽ imbriũ de alto eiicit:qui [unknown character]eo claudus dici[unknown character]:quia flãma semper tortuose incedit. [unknown character] in fabulis aliquã dolateat veritas historica patetĩ fabula persei & athlantis. Per seuse[unknown character] dicitur gorgonẽ occidisse & cum eius capite athlantẽ maximũ gigantemin montem qui athlas dicitur cõuertisse:[unknown character]a scilicet perseus strenu9 gorgonẽ filiã phorci regis ĩinsulis meri dionalibus quæ gorgonicę dicuntur regnabat occidit & vicit: & caput eius.i.diuitias regnũ & substantiã tulit:cum quo exer citũ cõgregauit:ita [unknown character] athlantẽ regem aphrcę superauit ipsum Prologus in metamorphosimmoralísatã. in mõtẽ fugere coegit:& sic in mõtẽ mutatũ poetica gaulita ipsum dixit. Quia igitur video [unknown character] fcriptura vtitur fabulis ad ali cuius rei ostensionẽ & [unknown character] etiã poetę fabulas finxerunt ad verita tis tam naturalis [unknown character] historicę designationem cõgruummihi vi sum est post moralizatas rerũ [unknown character] prietates post [unknown character] ad mores reducta naturę o[unknown character]a: etiã ad moralizãdum fabulas poetarũ: manũ ap ponere: vt sic [unknown character] ipsas fictiones hoĩm possint morũ & fidei my- teria cõfirmari. Licitũ est e[unknown character] [unknown character] hõ si possit de spinis vuas col- igat: mel de petra sugat: oleũ [unknown character] de saxo durissimo sumat sibi:& quasi de thesauris ęgiptiorũ tabernaculũ fœderis ædificet & cõponat sicut etiã & Ouidius dicit. Fas est & ab hoste doceri. Ve- ũ quia de litterali fabularumintellectuiam p[unknown character]imi tractauerunt scilicet fulgentius Alexander:& Seruius & alij nõnulli quia litte ralis intellectus non est [unknown character]positi vbi scilicet non agi[unknown character] nisi de reductione morali: quia insu[unknown character] forte valde difficile ĩmo forte ĩpos sibile est: sicut bene deducit Aug.de ciui.dei lib.ij.litteralem rõ nem de oĩbus fabulis assignare: cumlipse Tullius lib.iij. de natura deorum dicat [unknown character] magnã molestiã & minime necessariã suscepit zeno prim9: post cleanthes: deinde crisippus cõmentitia- ũ fabularũ reddere rõnem Hinc est [unknown character] in præsenti opusculo q[unknown character] huius voluminis mei [unknown character]ticulam effe volo nõ intendo nisi rarissi e litteralem sensum fabulrũ tangere: sed solũ circa moralem ensum & allegoicã expositionẽ laborare sequẽdo.s.librũ Oui dij qui dici[unknown character] metamorphoseos: vbirecte viden[unknown character] quasi [unknown character] modũ tabulę oẽs fabulę congregatę. Distingãigitur istũ tractatum in xv.ca.secũdum.xv.lib.in prædicto Ouidij volumine cõtẽtos Aliquas tñin aliquibus adĩungã fabulas quas in alijs locis reperi. Aliquasetiã detrahã & omittã quas nõnecessarias iudica i. Nõ moueat tñ aliquẽquod dicunt aliqui fabulas poetarum alias fuisse moralizatas:& ad instantiam dominę iohãnę quõdam reginę franciæ dudũ in rithmũgallicũ fuisse trãslatas: [unknown character]a reuera opus ill[unknown character] nequa[unknown character] me legisse memĩ.de quo bñ doleo: [unknown character]a ipsum inuenire nequiut. Illud e[unknown character] labores meos [unknown character] plurimũ re- euasset: ingenium meũ etiã adiuuisset. Non e[unknown character] fuissẽ dedignatus expositiones in passibus multis sumere & auctorẽ eaũ hũiliter allegare. Sed ante[unknown character] ad fabulas descendã prĩo de formis & figurisdeorũ aliqua dicã. Veruntamen [unknown character]a deo[unknown character] ipso[unknown character] imagines scriptas vel pictas alicubi nõ potui re[unknown character]ire: habui cosulereve nerabilẽvirũ magistrũ Franciscũ de petato poetam vti[unknown character] [unknown character]fun dũ in scĩa:& facũdũn eloquẽtia:& exptũ in o poetica & histo- disci[unknown character]lina:[unknown character] pręfatas imagines in quodã o[unknown character]e suo eleganti De Saturno Fo.II.a ij mero describit. Discurrere etiã libros fulgẽtij. Alexã.& rabni v de diuersis [unknown character]tib9 trahã figurã v[unknown character] imaginẽ quã dijs istis fictitijs voluerũt antiqui secũdũ rões phisicas assignare cũ anti[unknown character] p[unknown character]es deos posuerũt & quasdã rerũ virtutes deos crediderũt & appellauerũt: vtpote: [unknown character]a [unknown character] sĩtellexerũt [unknown character] saturnũ: ętherẽ [unknown character] iouẽ: aerẽ [unknown character] iunonẽ: aquã [unknown character] thetidẽ: mare [unknown character] neptunũ: terrã [unknown character] cibelẽ: solẽ [unknown character] apollinẽ: lunã [unknown character] dianã.& sic de alijs. V ndeipsi antiqui [unknown character]a volue rũt res naturales vel saltẽ ipsarũ rerũ naturaliũ virtutes deos di cere:iõ ad hoc volueru nt aliquas aliquo [unknown character] historias applicare. Primo & añ oĩa videndũ est de saturno qualẽ supponeba[unknown character] hĩe for mã:& [unknown character]lẽ ĩ scripturis & picturis obtinebat imaginẽ & formã
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28Author:  Bersuire Pierre ca. 1290-1362.Requires cookie*
 Title:  Albrici philosophi et poetae doctissimi, Libellus de Deorum imaginibus  
 Published:  2003 
 Subjects:  University of Virginia Library, Modern English collection | UVA-LIB-Text 
 Description: SAturnus primus deorũ supponebatur, & pingebatur, ut homo senex, canus, prolixa barba, curu9, tristis, & pallidus, tecto ca pite, colore glauco, qui una manu, sed dextra falcem tenebat, & in eadẽ serpentis poreabat imaginem, qui caudam pro priam dentibus commordebat, Altera ueró, scilicet sinistra, filiũ paruulũ ados applicabat, & eum deuorare uidebatur, qui iuxta se habe bat filios Iouem, scilicet, Neptunum, Plutonẽ & Iunonem, quorum uirilia Iupiter amputabat, ante quem erat mare depictum, in quod Iupiter dicta uirilia abscissa proijciebat, de quibus Venus puella pulcherrima nasceba[unknown character]. L sbatur. uxta autem ipsum Saturm erat imago O pis uxoris suæ in cuiusdam similitudindẽ matronę depicta, quæ aperta manu dextra, opẽ omnibus uelle dare prætendebat, panem ue rò manu sinistra pauperibus porrigebat.
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29Author:  Han Ying fl. 150 B.C.Requires cookie*
 Title:  Han Shih Wai Chuan  
 Published:  2003 
 Subjects:  University of Virginia Library, Modern English collection | UVA-LIB-Text 
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30Author:  Wang Chong 27-97?Requires cookie*
 Title:  Lunheng  
 Published:  2003 
 Subjects:  University of Virginia Library, Modern English collection | UVA-LIB-Text 
 Description: Wang Ch`ung is a native of Shang-yü-hsien1 1In Shao-hsing-fu (Chekiang). in K`uei-chi2 2Under the Han dynasty K`uei-chi comprises Chekiang, the South of Anhui, and the North of Fukien. . His style is Chung Jên. His family hails from Yuan-ch`êng3 3In Ta-ming-fu (Chili). in the Wei4 4A circuit comprising parts of Chili and Honan. circuit. One of his clan, Sun-yi, served his whole life as a soldier, and distinguished himself so much, that he was appointed warden of the southern part of K uei-chi, but, when one year a disturbance broke out, which disorganised the State, he continued to reside there, and became a farmer and cultivator of mulberry-trees.
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31Author:  Wang Chong 27-97?Requires cookie*
 Title:  Lunheng  
 Published:  2003 
 Subjects:  University of Virginia Library, Modern English collection | UVA-LIB-Text 
 Description: Fate holds sway over happiness and misfortune, being a spontaneous principle and a decree to meet with certain incidents. There is no alien force, and nothing else exercises an overwhelming influence or affects the final result.
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32Author:  Ban Gu 32-92Requires cookie*
 Title:  The History of the Former Han Dynasty  
 Published:  2003 
 Subjects:  University of Virginia Library, Modern English collection | UVA-LIB-Text 
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33Author:  Ban Gu 32-92Requires cookie*
 Title:  The History of the Former Han Dynasty  
 Published:  2003 
 Subjects:  University of Virginia Library, Modern English collection | UVA-LIB-Text 
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34Author:  Ban Gu 32-92Requires cookie*
 Title:  The History of the Former Han Dynasty  
 Published:  2003 
 Subjects:  University of Virginia Library, Modern English collection | UVA-LIB-Text 
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35Author:  Huan K'uan 1st cent. B.C.Requires cookie*
 Title:  Discourses On Salt and Iron  
 Published:  2003 
 Subjects:  University of Virginia Library, Modern English collection | UVA-LIB-Text 
 Description: a. It so happened that in the sixth year of the shih-yüan era1 1In the second month of the sixth year of Chao Ti's reign according to the Ch'ienhan-shu, ch. VII (81 B. C.). See Introduction. an Imperial edict directed the Chancellor2 2. Chang* *Note: References to the principal editions and commentators will be given hereafter as Chang (Chang Chih-hsiang), Lu (Lu Wên-chao) and Wang (Wang Hsien-ch'ien). The various editors are discussed under "Editions of the Yen T'ieh Lun" in the Introduction. inserts a note based upon T'ien Ch'ien-ch'iu's biography to prove that T'ien was the "Chancellor" of the debate; also known as . and the Imperial secretaries3 3: Yü-shih, i.e., Sang Hung-yang , the "Lord Grand Secretary", and his assistants. Son of a shop-keeper of Loyang, he was made a at the age of thirteen due to his ability in "mental arithmetic" . In 110 B.C. he was promoted . For his biography, cf. Ch'ien-han-shu, XXIV, 6. to confer with the recommended Worthies and Literati,4 4: the Worthies and Literati who took part in the debate had been selected and recommended in the preceding year, (Ch'ien-han-shu, ch. VII). Persons so designated were first called upon to discuss official affairs in the 11th month of the second year of Wên Ti's reign. See the edict in Ch'ien-han-shu, ch. IV., where the Emperor summons them to . and to enquire of them as to the rankling grievances among the people.5 5; thus the actual subject for discussion was not specifically "the salt and iron monopolies", as indicated in the title of the work.
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36Author:  Han Fei d. 233 B.C.Requires cookie*
 Title:  The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu  
 Published:  2003 
 Subjects:  University of Virginia Library, Modern English collection | UVA-LIB-Text 
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37Author:  Han Fei d. 233 B.C.Requires cookie*
 Title:  The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu  
 Published:  2003 
 Subjects:  University of Virginia Library, Modern English collection | UVA-LIB-Text 
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38Author:  Baochang 6th cent.Requires cookie*
 Title:  Lives of the Nuns  
 Published:  2003 
 Subjects:  University of Virginia Library, Modern English collection | UVA-LIB-Text 
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39Author:  unknownRequires cookie*
 Title:  Folk-lore and Fable  
 Published:  2003 
 Subjects:  University of Virginia Library, Modern English collection | UVA-LIB-Text | The Harvard classics | harvard classics 
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