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1Author:  unknownRequires cookie*
 Title:  Dictionary of the History of Ideas  
 Published:  2008 
 Subjects:  University of Virginia Library, Text collection | UVA-LIB-Text 
 Description: The concept of despotism is perhaps the least known of that family which includes tyranny, autocracy, absolutism, dictatorship (in its modern usage), and totalitarianism. Although nearly contemporary with “tyranny,” the concept of despotism has not been as significant in the history of political thought. Never- theless at some times, and in the work of some of the greatest political philosophers, the concept of des- potism has been sharply distinguished from other members of its family, and has attained an unusual prominence, as when Montesquieu made it into one of the three fundamental types of government. It was in the eighteenth century, and particularly in France, that despotism supplanted tyranny as the term most often used to characterize a system of total domination, as distinguished from the exceptional abuse of power by a ruler. The temporary success of the term led to its conflation with tyranny, as in the Declaration of Independence where in successive sentences, “absolute Despotism” and “absolute Tyranny” are used as syno- nyms. In 1835 Tocqueville expressed the opinion that after the French Revolution, modern politics and soci- ety had taken on a character that rendered both con- cepts inadequate. Today their usage suggests archaism: controversies over twentieth-century forms of total domination have centered on the concepts of dictator- ship and totalitarianism.
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2Author:  unknownRequires cookie*
 Title:  Dictionary of the History of Ideas  
 Published:  2008 
 Subjects:  University of Virginia Library, Text collection | UVA-LIB-Text 
 Description: Psychology is a modern term, but its components, psyche and logos, are words whose history goes back to the Indo-European parent language. For the philos- ophers of classical antiquity, giving an “account” (logos) of the psyche was a necessary part of intellectual inquiry. Greek philosophy was vitally concerned with many of the problems which exercise modern psychologists, but did not regard “study of the mind” as an autonomous subject with specific terms of refer- ence. Frequently theories about the psyche were intimately connected with ethical, physical, and meta- physical assumptions.
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